Monday, September 30, 2019
Figures of Speech Essay
Poets use different figures of speech to convey the message of their works. Some poets use metaphors or similes to baffle the mind and force the body to feel and see the images created while others use paradox, hyperboles, or puns to create the same effect. A good poem should involve all the senses and make the mind work to find meaning. William Blake uses metaphors to make the mind work overtime to find multiple meanings in his work â€Å"To See a World in a Grain of Sand†, while Chidiock Tichborne uses paradox to baffle the mind and reiterate the single meaning in his work â€Å"Elegy, Written With His Own Hand Before His Execution†. â€Å"To See a World in a Grain of Sand†by William Blake is a short poem that is filled with deep meaning. Through the use of metaphors and word choice the work seems lengthy to the mind but short to the eye. A metaphor is â€Å"a statement that one thing is something else, but in a literal sense it is not†(Kennedy 817). A metaphor is filled with suggestion giving a simple line of poetry almost infinite meanings. â€Å"To See the World in a Grain of Sand†(1) is a statement that is loaded with suggestion. There are many similarities between a grain of sand and the world such as: the world is made up of many grains of sand, both are round, and both are the same material to name a few. The two objects are also so different that that the line of poetry leaves the mind scrambling to figure out the meaning of this word combination. To figure out the meaning one must look at the literal meanings of the words and the figurative meaning of the word combinations to unscramble the riddle. On the literal level one must look at the key words in the line such as world, grain, and sand and find their definitions and how they relate to the other words in the line. By definition world is â€Å"the Earth or Universe†grain is â€Å"a relatively small particle†and sand is â€Å"loose grains of worn or disintegrated rock†(On Line Dictionary). The connotations of these words in the context of this line help the brain to understand that an object of huge size or quantity is being compared to something very small. One of the many meanings that could come from this statement is its hard to see the big picture of something while only looking at one small detail. This is only one meaning suggested through this powerful line. Every line in Blake’s poem is a metaphor that is filled with suggestion and deep meaning. â€Å"Hold infinity in the palm of your hand, and eternity in an hour†(3) is another metaphor Blake uses to baffle the mind. Infinity is â€Å"An unbound space, time, or quantity while eternity is â€Å"time without beginning or end†(On Line Dictionary). It is difficult for the mind to fathom these words when looked at alone, but in the context of the poem it is even more difficult to understand how one could fit such a mass into a hand or an hour. On the literal level the mind says it is impossible to comprehend so one must look to the figurative meaning to comprehend what is being said. One of the many meanings of this line is the same as the first; it is hard to see the big picture while only looking at one small detail. Blake’s word choice also helps the meaning of the poem. If Blake were to use similes rather than metaphors the work would take on different meaning. If the line â€Å"and eternity into an hour†(4) were changed to eternity is like an hour the work would take on a more limited meaning. When like is put into the line, eternity and hour become directly related where as in the first line eternity is trying to be fit into an hour. A similar effect would occur if the line â€Å"heaven in a wild flower†(2) were changed to heaven is like a wild flower. Heaven would be compared directly to a flower which would change the meaning of this line and therefore the poem. Blake used metaphors and word choice to write a poem that is short, but contains depth. Every word and metaphor in â€Å"To See the World in a Grain of Sand†was carefully arranged to give the poem a broad meaning that could be interpreted in many different ways. In contrast Chidiock Tichborne uses word choice and paradox to convey his limited meaning in the work â€Å"Elegy, Written With His Own Hand in the Tower Before His Execution†. A paradox is â€Å"a statement that at first strikes us as self-contradictory but on reflection makes some sense†(Kennedy 826). Tichborne’s work is filled with paradoxes, and is summed up by the paradox at the end of each stanza â€Å"And now I live, and now my life is done†(6). When looking at the main lines in the poem as they reoccur at the end of each stanza one wonders how it is possible to be alive now and also dead at the same time. Upon closer examination of the work the other lines help the brain figure out the paradox. To make sense of the central idea it must be looked at in the context of the other lines in the work. Each line in the work is a paradox that is key to understanding the central idea of the poem. â€Å"My youth is spent, yet I am not old†(9) is one of the lines that mirrors the main point. Youth is defined as the condition of being young while old is defined as having lived for a relatively long time (On Line Dictionary). When looking at these definitions one understands that the narrator has used up their youth, but has not grown old. This could be restated as â€Å"And now I live, and now my life is done†. â€Å"I sought my death, and found it in my womb†(13) is another restatement of the central idea of the poem. Sought means to look for or seek out, so the narrator is looking for his end (On Line Dictionary). Found is â€Å"to come upon something by searching, and womb is a place where something is generated, so the found his death was where he began (On Line Dictionary). After looking at these definitions we realize that the narrator has not fully lived youth let alone life and is about to die. The two poets demonstrated different figures of speech o convey their message. Blake used metaphors to give his work multiple meanings while Tichborne used paradox to restate his central idea. The two poems are very different from each other but both challenge the mind and body to find meaning making both great works of literature.
Sunday, September 29, 2019
Friedrich Nietzsche’s Thus Spake Zarathustra (1883) Essay
In the Prologue section of Friedrich Nietzsche’s ‘Thus Spake Zarathustra’, he spoke of a thirty-year-old man named Zarathustra who goes into the wilderness where he stays for ten years taking pleasure in his solitude. When he decides to be in contact with the people again and ‘go under’, Zarathustra starts to share what he has learned over the past ten years. He tells about a Superman, saying that man is born to be between a beast and a Superman. Man should be able to overcome this state, yet the road is very dangerous. He preaches that man should utterly focus on this life and not the life after death. He should hold in contempt things like happiness, reason, virtue, justice, or pity. As man is becoming more and more tame and domesticated, then the last man on earth will all be alike like a herd of animals. They shall be afraid of danger and peril, which will lead to self-destruction.            In the Zarathustra Prologue, Nietzsche speaks about a crisis that is being shared by the existing humanityâ€â€the crisis of being contented with comfort alone; being as comfortable and contented as to resist the utilization of strong, positive goals in one’s existence. Each section of ‘Thus Spake Zarathustra’ carries with it essential points to consider, especially the Prologue section and Parts 1-3. What are these essential points? How do they all blend together to come up with the whole thought or proclamation of Nietzsche? In the end, we shall come up with the answers to these questions, together with the essential points that create Nietzsche’s preaching of nihilism. In this world of materialism and nihilism (as Nietzsche declared), is God really dead? Main Body The Crisis of Existing Humanity            In the Prologue section of ‘Thus Spake Zarathustra,’ Nietzsche speaks about a crisis that lingers in all of humanity today. Zarathustra speaks that saints are too proud and love only God and not men, as stated in the lines: â€Å"Now I love God: men, I do not love. Man is a thing too imperfect for me. Love to man would be fatal to me†(Nietzsche 21). He also stated that acts of charity should go after acts of beseech: â€Å"If, however, thou wilt give unto them, give them no more than an alms, and let them also beg for it†(Nietzsche 21). This points out that acts of charity are done for the sake of pride and self-worthiness. When Zarathustra speaks that â€Å"God is dead†(Nietzsche 22), he meant that God does not exist in this world anymore, even on people whom we think should have made God more alive. Secondly, Zarathustra speaks that people have made a shame of themselves: â€Å"Ye have made your way from the worm to man, and much within you is still worm. Once were ye apes, and even yet man is more of an ape than any of the apes†(Nietzsche 22). He preaches that the way to go is to be the Superman, which Zarathustra speaks as â€Å"the meaning of the earth†(Nietzsche 22) and the â€Å"herald of the lightning, †¦ a heavy drop out of the cloud†(Nietzsche 25). People are in crisis because much of life is centered on life after death and not on the present life on earth. Happiness, reason, virtue, justice, and pity appear to be useless and should not be centered on, since self-satisfaction of men is being slaughtered, while men cry to heaven for answers to satisfaction, which should only be found on earth.            Thirdly, Zarathustra speaks that â€Å"Man is a rope stretched between the animal and the Supermanâ€â€a rope over an abyss†(Nietzsche 24). There is crisis and peril in trying to go through the ropeâ€â€the present state of man that should be defeated and prevailed over. Man has succeeded in transforming itself from a beast to a man, yet there is another significant task for a manâ€â€to transform itself from a man to a Superman. However, the people do not yet understand: â€Å"There they stand †¦ there they laugh: they understand me not†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Nietzsche 25). For this, Zarathustra starts to speak of the ‘last man’ because people are becoming too content and comfortable with their lives they do not see the need to have strong, positive goals anymore. Zarathustra proclaims that, if this will not change, time will come when the trees and the soil will bear no trees; when man will not see a reason to long for and dream; and when man will no longer be capable of giving birth to a star (Nietzsche 26). This inability of the last man to create something that is beyond himself would make the earth smaller and smaller, and the last man becoming weaker and weaker†¦ becoming lazier as days go by. If man is to surpass the crisis that is in the midst, then he should surpass the rope of being a man and learn how to become a Superman. The Principal Parts of the Last Man’s Soul            According to Zarathustra, man is not made up of body and soul; rather, that he is composed only of the body that, on the other hand, is made up of the spirit and the ego, which common people call the ‘soul’ (Nietzsche 40-41). Zarathustra preaches that the ego isâ€â€not saidâ€â€but done (Nietzsche 41). It is the ego that gives a sense of feeling, while it is the spirit, conversely, that discerns what is to be done considering the ego.  These two, the spirit and the ego, continuously attach to one another over one’s existence: â€Å"What the sense feeleth, what the spirit discerneth, hath never its end in itself†(Nietzsche 41). Behind the senses of the ego and the spirit is the Self (or the body), which â€Å"seeketh with the eyes of the senses, it hearkeneth also with the ears of the spirit†(Nietzsche 41); yet it appears that the Self is the master of the senses of ego and spirit, as reflected in the following lines: The Self saith unto the ego: Feel pain! And thereupon it suffereth, and thinketh how it may put an end theretoâ€â€and for that very purpose it is meant to think. The Self saith unto the ego: Feel pleasure! Thereupon it rejoiceth, and thinketh how it may ofttimes rejoiceâ€â€and for that very purpose it is meant to think. (41)           In relation to the crisis, this ordering of the principle parts of the last man’s soul leads one to think that the Self is really in the soul, which is not true, according to Zarathustra (since there is no soul). The Self is in the body, and for those who say that Self is in the soul, they are called ‘despisers of the body’ who despise because of their esteem (Nietzsche 41). Through the body, there is spirit; and through the spirit, there is worth and will. The Self, however, should be made to do what it desires mostâ€â€to be that which is beyond itself†¦ to be a Superman on earth! To be a Superman needs a special kind of selfishnessâ€â€the healthy and holy type of selfishness that â€Å"constrain[s] all things to flow towards you and into you, so that they shall flow back again out of your fountain as the gifts of your love†(Nietzsche 76). In this selfishness there is no lust or craving but true virtue that elevates the body and enraptures the spirit (Nietzsche 76). This new virtue brings power and knowledge through what he calls the ‘Will to Power’. This is what drives the powerful into wanting obedience and change. Zarathustra calls it â€Å"the unexhausted, procreating life-will†(Nietzsche 108), and together with worth and will, this is also what the last man lacks nowadays. People are unaware of the healthy and holy selfishness, which is why he cannot create beyond himself. The Way to Redemption            Zarathustra, as a teacher, tries to correct the conflicting understanding of these notions by doing the following: first, by finding his own disciples and teaching them before sending them on their own to find their Will to Power and virtue, which should both be overflowing in order for them to preach or share it with others; and second, by preaching to the most uncommon men (i.e., hunchback, the cripples, the blind men) who live apart from the rest of the people. However, because man has turned his back against the Will to Power, Zarathustra claims that there is suffering on earth as penalty for the negligence: â€Å"Everything perisheth, therefore everything deserveth to perish†(Nietzsche 132). Yet the past is past. Even the Will to Power has no power to bring back time; thus, there is suffering. But there is what is called ‘courage’ that slays giddiness, suffering, and death (Nietzsche 143). As stated, â€Å"Courage, however, is the best slayer, courage which attacketh†(Nietzsche 143). By possessing courage, man is on his way to redemption to find his Will to Power and his virtue, for the Self to find its worth and will in the spirit. At that moment, he will have the power to create beyond himselfâ€â€a being that even death, giddiness, and suffering is unable to tear down. Conclusion            â€Å"[T]ruth is always on the side of the more difficult.†–Friedrich Nietzsche in his letter to his sister, 1865 (Nietzsche&Kaufmann 29)            In Nietzsche’s ‘Thus Spake Zarathustra,’ he speaks about a crisis that is being shared by the existing humanity. There is crisis because of the following essential points: first, the non-existence of God in this world; second, the centering on life after death; third, the suffering of self-satisfaction; fourth, the longing for contentment and comfort; fifth, the lack of strong, positive goals and courage; sixth and last, having a smaller world with weaker men. With the Self as the master of the ego and the spirit, a man should not despise his body because of esteem, especially that it is the body that builds the spirit, which then builds both worth and will. Without the body, there is no spirit, worth, will, and the ego. To be a Superman is to be selfish enough to gain in knowledge and in power, yet how can all be possible without virtue and Will to Power? To have Will to Power in a changing and suffering world, however, there is a drastic need for courage. This is the way to the redemption of mankind†¦ to have the courage in wiping away suffering and pain, which has been inflicted on mankind as penalty for its negligence. Despite the past being irrevocable, man will no longer fall to self-destruction, as he has learned to go well beyond himself. Works Cited Nietzsche, Friedrich. Thus Spake Zarathustra. Translated by Thomas Common. University Park, Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University, 1999. Nietzsche, Friedrich, and Walter Kaufmann. The Portable Nietzsche. New York, NY: Penguin Group, Inc., 1977.
Saturday, September 28, 2019
Macbeth Essay and Rennassance Period
The Renaissance Period The renaissance period started between the 14th and the 17th centuries ,and it? s associated to the rediscovery of the ancient Roman and Greek classics, geographical and astrological discoveries and the religious reformation, characterizes itself as a movement of thinking. Basically the Renaissance period the humanists try to make the feudalists and the ideas of the middle ages get extinct,and like this way ,introduce many new ideas of the rising bourgeoisie,and also to reconsider the purity of the Christian Church.Also there are many ways in which we can see that the Renaissance was a time of light for many thinkers, writers, etc. : as it sought to introduce blizzard poetic forms such as: the sonnet, free verse, these adapted to new topics with great interest communicating targets and new objectives humanists.The Renaissance was based on models of Greek and Roman classics, and precedents from Italy and Spain, the Spanish drama has evolved since the interludes and morality plays and became a complex art form, thus taking considered as the best known as dramatists, Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare and Ben Jonson, who wrote plays with such universal qualities of greatness, and that is why this drama becomes extraordinary and leaves a monument of the Renaissance in the history of English literature. The Renaissance, tend to emphasize the dignity of man and his earthly happiness was reflected in the work carried out in the period.Macbeth One of the most shocking things in Macbeth is the continued clash between the spirit of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. While the former starts out good and faithful and is corrupted by his wife to the point of disappearing remorse from the beginning, the second starts completely cold and perverse but will decline in the course of the work into a freaking bag of remorse so that is continually hands stained with blood and suicide. I was struck by the fact that Macbeth is killed in battle trying to end their action while his wife, initially strong, committed suicide.Just how dies each compared with its initial intention is enough to see the exchange of roles: the weak just being strong and vice versa. A very striking point in the work is the continuous appearance of remorse in the protagonists. As Lady Macbeth says that their actions have destroyed his happiness and the evil they have done makes them suffer. Some allusions to remorse are the dagger that Macbeth sees before killing the king, the specter of Banquo, the blood on Lady Macbeth's hands are not going, etc. ..I do not know how Shakespeare is a failure or is that I misunderstood something, but there is a mistake in the plot: the witches in his second appearance predict that Banquo will father a line of kings and later appears again this idea in the third appearance of the witches. However, once dead Macbeth, the successor to the throne is not Fleance, son of Banquo, as would be expected if the prophecies were fulfilled, but Malc olm, Duncan's natural successor. The prophecy and reality are incompatible in this case, and only in this case, the rest of all prophecies are fulfilled.
Friday, September 27, 2019
Capital Investment Decisions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words
Capital Investment Decisions - Assignment Example The stated aim of this recently introduced legislation is â€Å"to promote the financial stability of the United States by improving accountability and transparency in the financial system, to end ‘too big to fail’, to protect the American taxpayer by ending bailouts, to protect consumers from abuse financial services practices, and for other purposes†(GPO, n. d.). Even though this Act was passed with intent to protect the nation from another financial crisis, it adversely affects banks’ ability to extend financial assistance to various business sectors. This legislation noticeably reduces banks’ lending limits. For instance, the Act strictly requires banks not to lend money to risky projects or business organizations that are less likely to repay debts. Often, it cannot be possible to accurately evaluate the potentiality of capital projects or business acquisitions because those ventures depend on a set of uncertain future events. According to the American Bankers Association (2012), this Act has limited price thresholds for certain lending segments and framed new disclosure forms and procedures for all types of mortgages. As a result, large business corporations would face potential challenges in meeting business expansion needs timely. Another disappointing feature of this Act according to the American Bankers Association (2012) is that it has mandated many stronger legal liabilities in connection with real estate finance. Although these policy changes are effective to ensure the accountability and transparency of banking transactions, business houses often find it difficult to raise adequate funds to finance capital projects and acquisitions. Consequently, entrepreneurs and other business organizations would hesitate to undertake new business development ventures; and this situation would adversely affect the growth rate of the US economy as a whole. The Forbes writer Lenzner (2012) argues that the Dodd-Frank Act is a â₠¬Ëœconfused, bloated law’ because this policy change has failed to address many concerns including cost, efficiency, and growth. 2. No economic policy can assure 100 percent that it can prevent a financial crisis in the future. In contrast, economic policies or legislative amendments are introduced to lessen the chances of economic downturns or to reduce the impacts of a future financial crisis. The Act implies that the US economy has to make some regulatory changes in order to forecast and respond to the next crisis effectively. Hence, the Dodd-Frank Act itself says that it would not guarantee the prevention of a future financial crisis. The US policymakers hold the view that America’s largest financial firms represent some of the major huge pillars supporting the US economy. They point out that damages to these pillars during the 2008 global financial crisis worsened the economic status of the nation. It is identified that the increased governmental support persuaded these big companies to borrow cheaply and to take greater risks. In short, the â€Å"too big to fail’ status of those large financial companies can be considered as a major factor contributed to the recent recession. According to Will Melick, the Gensemer Professor of Economics (as cited in Kenyon College Alumni Bulletin (2012), the Dodd-Frank Act contains provisions for certain restrictions on financial firms’ operational activities in exchange for the protection from
Thursday, September 26, 2019
Light and Telescopes and Gravity Research Paper
Light and Telescopes and Gravity - Research Paper Example Optics is a common term used to refer to the study of light and its interactions with matter. Reflection is the bouncing back of light on a surface, in most cases resulting in image formation. Refraction on the other hand denotes the bending of the rays of light when passing through one medium to another (124). The speed of light in different transparent materials with ordinary matter is lower than that in a vacuum. For instance, the velocity of light in water is 75% the speed of light in a vacuum. The behavior of light is dependent on its wavelength and like other electromagnetic radiations high frequencies translate into lower wavelengths and vice-versa. Light is made up of photons/ quanta of lower energy levels which evoke excitations (electronic) in the molecules it interacts with resulting in variations in the chemistry/ bonding of the molecule. In the lower portion of the spectrum of light, the radiation (infrared) is no longer visible as the quanta of these radiation lack energy sufficient to elicit variation in molecule retinal of the eye retina, hence no visibility (at least not via quantum absorption) (Walker, 418). Over the limit of visible light, UV radiation is not visible to human eyes because it is absorbed by the internal lens below 400nm and the cornea below 360nm. In addition, the human retina’s cones and rods cannot detect radiation of wavelength below 360nm and are destroyed by such radiation. The main source of light on earth is the sun with approximately half of the EMR from the sun in the visible light region. However, there are a plethora of other light sources and mechanisms of producing light such as bioluminescence, electroluminescence, sonoluminescence, scintillation, radioactive decay, triboluminescence, particle-antiparticle annihilation, chenkov radiation, and so on. Light is either measured via photometry or radiometry. Light applies physical pressure on objects along its path with its
Critically evaluate the concept of bureaucracy as an effective system Essay
Critically evaluate the concept of bureaucracy as an effective system of organization - Essay Example Problem of red tape is often related with the term Bureaucracy. Effectiveness of bureaucratic management may be analyzed on the basis of how a formal organization relies on promptly defined hierarchical levels and different specific roles to maintain effectiveness and efficiency. It is being noticed that often bureaucracy is criticized for its inflexibility, complexity and inefficiency. Over the years, experts like Max Weber have strongly argued the importance of bureaucracy. Bureaucracy is the most effective way through activities of human being can be organized within any organization. The presence of bureaucracy is there in every organization but degree of bureaucracy differs from one organization to other. This essay will critically evaluate the concept of bureaucracy as an important and effective system of the organizations. In the course of this essay different theories of bureaucracy will be discussed. This essay will help to understand the deep rooted interrelationship betwee n bureaucracy and effectiveness of the organizations. This will be a step by step approach. The first name that comes to mind about the bureaucracy theory is German sociologist Max Weber. According to the theory of Weber, bureaucracy contains some characteristics. Those characteristics are very important for the effective system of organization. Those characteristics are Hierarchy, Specialization, Division of labour and Standard operating procedures. A hierarchy is a system with well defined span of command. This characteristic states that everyone has a boss in an organization. According to the theory the boss of organization supervises entire system. The power flows from the top management through the trickle down hypothesis (Durant, 2010). According to this theory subordinate follows the orders of superiors and can appeal against those orders. As per this theory bureaucrats are specialized persons for some specific areas of works. This provides
Wednesday, September 25, 2019
Construction Economics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words
Construction Economics - Research Paper Example Strategy of Barratt is to acquire land for establishing houses such as standalone and more for greater sustainability in the market (Barratt Developments PLC, 2015). In this context, the paper intends to plan for the next two years where the company needs to analyse the situation best suited. The paper will analyse whether Barratt should construct smaller houses or rely on the land bank for the future two years. Success of business depends on various aspects such as the macro and micro scenario the company is operating in. With regard to the housing industry, it can be stated that the success and efficient decision making with regard to the performance of business depends on several aspects. Building of houses depends on the potential of the market and the capabilities of the company. It is witnessed that Barratt is a large house builder having high potential in the market, as it understands the market requirements. Micro factors that lead to the success of the housing builders are the location, plans, orientation as well as building layout and size. On the other hand, the macro factors affecting the industry include the government policies, financing, labour cost and market potential. The conditions of the UK market have been identified to be unstable to a certain extent due to the rise in prices and potential political uncertainty (KnightFrank, 2015; Bunn & Rostom, 2014). Housing prices d epend on factors such as economic growth, rate of interest, employment, consumer confidence and important aspect of supply and demand. Construction of large houses depends on various facets of the economy. With regard to Barratt, if the company decides to construct new large buildings, then the opportunity cost will be considerably high. The reason being for the construction of the large building, that company has to increase their land bank and need more financial aids. Furthermore, as per the market situation, it is
Tuesday, September 24, 2019
Financial Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 4
Financial Management - Essay Example The deal was not an easy one for Google considering that the company had to put in a lot of effort for obtaining the regulatory approvals for the same (Reuters, 2012). The deal was announced at $40 per share which added up to a total of $12.5 Billion which was at a premium of 63% to the price of Motorola shares at the end of August 12, 2011. The acquisition of Motorola was aimed at protecting the viability of Google android considering the fact that Google was recently facing a threat due to patent war existing throughout the industry, due to which the major android manufacturers like HTC and Samsung were being sued by giants like Microsoft and Apple for the infringement of patents (Gaughan, 2011, p.5). Google announced that it will run Motorola as an independent business. The deal received approval from the shareholders as well as from the United States Department of Justice and the EU in early 2012. The approval from Chinese authorities followed and the deal was completed on May 22 , 2012. The deal represented Google Inc.’s biggest challenge to Apple Inc., which was the leading player in the market of mobile phones and tablets. Economies of scale A vertical merger generally has a lower potential for economies of scale than a horizontal merger but the merger of Google and Motorola saw the achievement of economies of scale in both financial and risk bearing economies (The Economist, 2008). Technical, organizational, bulks buying as well as financial economies of scale were achieved from the merger (Thompson, 2012). Coordination improved in terms of cost fit, timing fit, size and communication fit within the business (Arnold, 2005, p.45). The merger immediately showed a success effect by increasing the market share in the world market for smartphones from 46.9% in the first quarter of 2012 to 68.1% in the last quarter of 2012. Economies of scale was achieved by getting other byproduct benefits such as the development of the next generation device for mobil e computing, extra services, for example, advertising to living rooms through Motorola'scable TV boxes which helped in boosting the staggering set top box business, in smartphone designs aimed to fulfil the government regulations and competing with Microsoft’s new release of Windows phones. The company achieved a higher output with lowering the average cost, thus increasing the profitability and ensuring lower price for the customers (Rosenbaum, 2012). Economies of vertical integration The move to buy Motorola had a positive impact on the margins. Major phone manufacturers show a trend of having slim margins (Neale, 2004). But market leaders like Apple and Samsung have been known to maintain a margin of 40-50%. Google maintained net profit margin of 25% without having to subsidize the cost of manufacture in order to attract new clients. The merger showed a 100 to 150 basis points positive impact on the profitability. The merger enabled Google Inc. to supercharge the Android e cosystem and enhanced it competitive features in the mobile computing sector. The merger also opened up new opportunities for cross licencing. Combining complementary resources One of the main motives behind the merger was Google’s intention to accelerate innovation by combining the technical resources of Motorola Mobility. Another primary reason was that Google wanted to acquire the huge number of patents that Motorola had. The acquisition of these patents was likely to give the company a high competitive strength against its
Monday, September 23, 2019
Management accounting Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words
Management accounting - Assignment Example 235 Â Fixed overhead volume efficiency 378 Â Fixed overhead volume capacity 516 Â Â ----------- ----------- Â Â 2129.1 325.5 Â Â (2129.1) Â Â ---------- Â Â (1803.6) Â Â Â Â Â Â ------------ Computation of the Unit Cost Units (Kg/Number of labour) Total cost (?) Per unit cost (?) Total Production (units) Units required for actual Standard production Units required for Standard Direct Material M3 1050 1680 1.6 2100 0.5 2130 1065 Direct Material M7 1470 2793 1.9 2100 0.7 2130 1491 Labour 525 3675 7 2100 0.25 2130 532.5 Variable production overhead 1260 2100 based on labour hours 2130 532.5 Fixed production overhead 4725 2100 based on labour hours 2130 532.5 Profit calculation of actual units: Sales (2100 x ?14.5) ? 30,450 Direct Material M3 (? 1,680) Direct Material M7 (? 2,793) Direct Labour (? 3,675) Variable production overhead (? 1,260) Fixed production overhead (? 4,725) Net Income 16,317 Profit calculation of budgeted profits: Sales (2130 x ?15) ? 31,950 Direct Material M3 (1065 x ?1.55) (? 1,650.75) Direct Material M7 (1491 x ?1.75) (? 2,609.25) Direct Labour (532.5 x ?7.2) (? 3,834) Variable production overhead (532.5 x ?2.1) (? 1,118.25) Fixed production overhead (532.5 x ?9) (? 47922.5) Net Income ? 17,945.25 From the detailed analysis of the computations of the operating statements and the information provided by the company, it is evident that the company is producing and selling units less than its budgeted figures show. The variance analysis is the most commonly used tool for evaluating the performance of a business by comparing its costs and revenues against the industry standards (Needles, Powers & Crosson, 2011) and ensure that right steps are taken for any kind of deviations or variances so that it can make necessary changes and reap...The main components of this statement are sales, cost of goods sold and expenses; the primary areas of focus are the revenue amount and expenses amount (Slater , 2012). Every organisation tries to keep a tight control on its expenses so that it can fulfil the requirements of its business effectively. Being a cost effective organisation allows the organisation to maintain a strong financial position and also with their savings they can work upon other business strategies such as expansion strategies and forming business units. For instance, if the equipment maintenance cost is increasing, then it can consider replacing it with a new one (Hansen, Mowen & Guan, 2009). Replacing with a new one may seem a heavy expense initially but when compared to the replacement costs on a constant mode, buying the new equipment would be a cost effective choice. In every business, there are two main classifications of costs or expenses i.e. variable and fixed costs and they need to be adequately monitored so that sufficient amount of profit can be earned (Tulvinschi, 2010). All costs and expenses in the business need to be carefully recorded and analysed so that further decision making is according to the current financial scenario of the business. In the manufacturing business like Ash PLC, the variable cost is of utmost importance as it has to ensure that it can produce the units according to the industry standards and within its budget range.
Sunday, September 22, 2019
Early years education Essay Example for Free
Early years education Essay 1.1 Summarise entitlement and provision for early year’s education There are many different types of early year’s provision which has been funded by the government for early years education. All three and four year olds are entitled to 15 hours of free early year’s education entitlement per week across the 38 weeks of the annual year. Theirs are five different settings where Parents can choose to give their child for their Free EY Entitlement they are: †¢Pre-school playgroup-. It is an early childhood program in which children combine learning/education with play and it is an organization that is provided by fully trained and qualified staff †¢Private Day nursery- A facility provided for the care and learning for children from the birth to 5 they are usually run by a business or a private organisation and are not linked with the government. †¢Child-minder (who belongs to a registered child-minder network)-child minders are self-employed providing the care for children in their own homes , they offer full time or part time places or flexible arrangements. Child minders are registered with the Ofsted and are inspected in accordance with the Ofsted procedures and regulations to ensure that he child-minder is providing and safe and suitable environment for the children. †¢Maintained nursery school- is a school for children between the age of 3 and 5. It is run by fully qualified and trained to staff who encourage and supervise education play and learning rather than just providing childcare. It is part of early childhood education. †¢Nursery or reception class in a primary or independent school -Nursery schools provide a more direct and structured education for early years children aged 3 to 5 Some may be part of an independent school for older age groupseg infant and primary schools. Reception classes are run by a qualified teacher. 1.3 Explain the post 16 options for young people and adults.
Saturday, September 21, 2019
A Study On Banking Ombudsman Scheme Commerce Essay
A Study On Banking Ombudsman Scheme Commerce Essay The Banking Ombudsman Scheme, 1995 was notified by RBI on June 14, 1995 in terms of the powers conferred on the Bank by Section 35A of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 to provide for a system of redressal of grievances against banks. The Scheme sought to establish a system of expeditious and inexpensive resolution of customer complaints. The Scheme is in operation since 1995 and was revised during the year 2002. The Scheme is being executed by Banking Ombudsmen appointed by RBI at 15 centres covering the entire country. The word ‘Ombudsman in general means a ‘grievance man, a public official who is appointed to investigate complaints against the administration. He is to intervene for theordinarycitizen in his dealings with the complex machinery of the establishment. Objective The objective behind this scheme is to make available an expeditious and cost effective grievance redressal mechanism to bank customers. Vision and Goals of the Banking Ombudsman Offices Vision Statement To be a visible and credible system of dispute resolution mechanism for common persons utilizing the banking services. Goals To ensure redressal of grievances of users of banking services in an inexpensive, expeditious, fair and reasonable manner that will provide impetus to improved customer services in the banking sector on a continuous basis. To provide valuable feedback suggestions to Reserve Bank of India towards framing appropriate and timely guidelines to banks to improve the level of customer service and to strengthen their internal grievance redressal systems. To enhance the awareness of the Banking Ombudsman Scheme. To facilitate quick and fair (non-discriminatory) redressal of grievances through use of IT systems, comprehensive and easily accessible database and enhanced capabilities of staff through training. SCOPE OF THE SCHEME The Banking Ombudsman Scheme, 2002 covers all the Regional Rural Banks in addition to all Commercial Banks and Scheduled Primary Co-operative Banks, which were already covered by earlier Banking Ombudsman Scheme, 1995. The grounds of complaints that can be entertained by the Banking Ombudsmen have been enumerated in Clause 12 of the Banking Ombudsman Scheme 2002. What are complaints Ombudsman may receive? The Banking Ombudsman can receive and consider any complaint relating to the following deficiency in banking services (including internet banking): * non-payment or inordinate delay in the payment or collection of cheques, drafts or bills * non-acceptance of small denomination notes * non-acceptance of coins tendered * non-payment or delay in payment of inward remittances * failure to issue or delay in issue of drafts * non-adherence to prescribed working hours * failure to provide or delay in providing a banking facility * complaints from Non-Resident Indians having accounts in India * refusal to open deposit accounts without any valid reason for refusal * levying of charges without adequate prior notice to the customer * non-disbursement or delay in disbursement of pension * refusal to accept or delay in accepting payment towards taxes * forced closure of deposit accounts without due notice * refusal to close or delay in closing the accounts * non-adherence to the fair practices code as adopted by the bank * any other matter relating to the violation of the directives When a person may file the complaint? One can file a complaint before the Banking Ombudsman if the reply is not received from the bank within a period of one month after the bank concerned has received one s representation, or the bank rejects the complaint, or if the complainant is not satisfied with the reply given by the bank. Rules for filing complaint Any person may himself or through his authorized representative make a complaint to the bank. If the bank rejects the complaint or the complainant does not receive any reply within a month or the complainant is not satisfied with the reply even by the bank, the complainant may approach the Banking Ombudsman for redress of the grievance subject to the following:  · The complaint should be made within one year after the cause of action has arisen.  · The complaint is not in respect of the same subject matter that was settled through the Office of the Banking Ombudsman in any previous proceedings.  · The complaint does not pertain to the same subject matter for which any proceedings before any court, tribunal or arbitrator or any other forum is pending or a decree or award or a final order has already been passed.  · The complaint is not frivolous or vexatious in natur When will one s complaint not be considered by the Ombudsman ? a. One has not approached his bank for redressal of his grievance first. b. One has not made the complaint within one year from the date one has received the reply of the bank or if no reply is received if it is more than one year and one month from the date of representation to the bank. c. The subject matter of the complaint is pending for disposal / has already been dealt with at any other forum like court of law, consumer court etc. d. Frivolous or vexatious. e. The institution complained against is not covered under the scheme. f. The subject matter of the complaint is not within the ambit of the Banking Ombudsman. g. If the complaint is for the same subject matter that was settled through the office of the Banking Ombudsman in any previous proceedings. How Where can one lodge his/her complaint? One can file a complaint with the Banking Ombudsman simply by writing on a plain paper. One can also file it online or by sending an email to the Banking Ombudsman. One may lodge his/ her complaint at the office of the Banking Ombudsman under whose jurisdiction, the bank branch complained against is situated. For complaints relating to credit cards and other types of services with centralized operations, complaints may be filed before the Banking Ombudsman within whose territorial jurisdiction the billing address of the customer is located. PERFORMANCE OF THE BANKING OMBUDSMEN The performance of the Banking Ombudsmen has been analysed on the aspects such as: the quantum of complaints handled by them, the timeliness in handling the issues, and appropriateness of the decisions of the Banking Ombudsmen. More than 5000 complaints are received by the Banking Ombudsmen every year. The number of complaints received by the BO offices has been steadily increasing since 1999-2000. The number of complaints received during 2000-01, 2001-02 and 2002-03 stood at 5803, 5907 and 5399 respectively while there was a sharp rise during the year 2003-04 at 8246. Details are as given below: Number of complaints received by the Banking Ombudsmen Period No. of Offices of Banking Ombudsman No. of complaints received during the year Average No. of complaints per office 99-00 15 4994 333 00-01 15 5803 387 01-02 15 5907 394 02-03 15 5399 360 03-04 15 8246 550 Role of Arbitrator Any dispute between a bank and its constituents or between a bank and another bank may be referred to a Banking Ombudsman for arbitration, if both the parties agree for such a reference provided that the value of the claim in such dispute does not exceed Rs.10 lacs. Reporting The Banking Ombudsman shall report to the Reserve Bank, the non-compliance by any bank of an award and the Review Authority shall pass the necessary order. If a bank fails to implement the award within the prescribed time limit, the complainant may approach the Review Authority with a prayer to pass an appropriate direction to the bank for immediate compliance of the award. The Review Authority shall not receive any such additional or new material from any party which was not produced before the Banking Ombudsman. The Review Authority may call for the comments of the Banking Ombudsman in a review application filed before him, provided he is satisfied that such comments of the Banking Ombudsman are necessary in the exigencies of the case. The object behind the Banking Ombudsman Scheme is to make available an expeditious and cost effective grievance redressal mechanism to bank customers. Hence Banking ombudsman will endeavor to promote a settlement through conciliation or mediation and he will not be bound by any legal rule of evidence.With effect from January 1, 2006, RBI has further modified the scheme. Now complaints relating to credit cards can also be preferred by aggrieved customers. Earlier, retired bank officers or retired bureaucrats were being appointed as ombudsmen. With effect from Jan.2006, RBI officers are appointed as ombudsmen. Centres And Their Operational Areas Ahmedabad Gujarat, Union Territories of Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu Bangalore Karnataka Bhopal Madhya Pradesh and Chattisgarh Bhubanes-war Orissa Chandigarh Himachal Pradesh, Punjab and Union Territory of Chandigarh Chennai Tamil Nadu, Union Territories of Pondicherry and Andaman and Nicobar Islands Guwahati Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh Jaipur Rajasthan Kanpur Uttar Pradesh (excluding District of Ghaziabad) and Uttaranchal Kolkata West Bengal and Sikkim Mumbai Maharashtra and Goa New Delhi Delhi, Haryana, Jammu and Kashmir and Ghaziabad district of Uttar Pradesh Patna Bihar and Jharkhand Thiruvanan-thapuram Kerala and Union Territory of Lakshadweep Some Important Developments during the year 2008-09 Meeting of the Committee on Subordinate Legislation, Rajya Sabha on functioning of the Banking Ombudsman Scheme in the private sector banks and foreign banks: Deputy Governor represented the Bank during the deliberations of the Committee on Subordinate Legislation on functioning of the Banking Ombudsman Scheme in the private sector banks and foreign banks. The Committee was headed by Dr Najma Heptulla, MP and the banks called for discussion were HDFC, Citibank, Standard Chartered Bank, Deutsche Bank and HSBC Ltd. Advertisement under series Jago Grahak Jago: An advertisement campaign on the Banking Ombudsman Scheme has been released by the Bank in collaboration with Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food Public Distribution, Government of India as a joint campaign under the Jago Grahak Jago series. A massive advertising visual publicity campaign on the Banking Ombudsman scheme had been carried out in both print and electronic media. This publicity will help in elevating awareness about the BO Scheme among the common people. In addition, banks were instructed to display details of the BO Scheme in all bank branches for the benefit of their customers. Up gradation of Complain Tracking Software (CTS) The upgraded version of CTS package went live from July 1, 2009. The upgraded CTS package has provision to enter the complaints, acknowledge the complaints, edit the complaints to update it, upload/ down load supporting of citizens. The System is to record and receive the grievances online and redress them indicating action at different levels. The Government of India is monitoring the System. All the Public Sector banks, Offices of the Banking Ombudsman, RBI, SIDBI, IDBI Bank, NABARD etc., have been listed by Government of India as subordinate offices and given username and password to access the DARPG portal to enable them to dispose of the grievances against banks online. The Government of India intends to discontinue with the disposal of grievances in paper form in a phased manner. Reform Banking Ombudsman Latest Law Commission onCheque Bounce J. Venkatesan reports that the Law Commission of India has recommended setting up of fast track courts to dispose over 3.8 million cases pending cheque bounce cases and has suggested that an amendment to the Instruments Act to compel the drawer of a cheque to pay 50 per cent of the amount of the receipt of summons. The head of Commission, Justice A. R. Lakshmanan has noted that because of the huge pendency of the cases the credibility of the business within and outside the country suffered a serious setback. â€Å"Dishonour of a cheque by a bank causes incalculable loss, injury and inconvenience to the payee, and the credibility of issuance of cheque is also being eroded to a large extent†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Banking Ombudsmanon cheque Bounce The practical experience at Banking Ombudsman reveal that officials of Banking Ombudsman of RBI have soft corner for the largest public sector bank of India- State Bank of India. Despite the fact that they observed â€Å"the bank had erroneously returned the cheque†Banking Ombudsman noted that by refund of actual expenses in pursing complaint (Rs. 2000) and apology, â€Å"complaint has been reasonably addressed and no further compensation for any loss or damage on account of the deficiency in Banks service could be allowed†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . This is in contrast to its decision, a year ago, against Corporation Bank which too had wrongly bounced cheque of the same senior citizen â€Å"..It is therefore advised that the complainant may be compensated with Rs, 1500/- towards harassment caused†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . Why so soft on SBI? Further Banking Ombudsman did not issue any directions to SBI nor to Corporation Bank, on account of serious deficiency of service. Coming back, SBI did no t render any sincere apology to the senior citizen. What to talk of promising efficient customer service or responding to query under RTI, sent through post office. More on the working of Banking Ombudsman. The Banking Ombudsman passed an Award against the erring SBI, the passbook of complaint also mentioned-†As per orders passes by banking Ombudsman..†. However, the official letter from Banking Ombudsman maintained that that complaint was resolved amicably between the bank and the complainant. No award was passed, how to contest? When it was asked under RTI Act that- â€Å"were terms of settlement signed by both complainant and the bank before the Banking Ombudsman as a mark of settlement/agreement? Please list the number of complainants disposed by settlement where terms of settlement was signed by the bank and complainant in 2007-08? The response of RBI-†No such practice is envisaged under the provisions of the Banking Ombudsman Scheme, 2006†. Not surprising, on record, ,majority of complainants Banking Ombudsman are amicably resolved. What option does the common man have when the normal grievance redressal mechanism fails? To sit at home and accept the helplessness or to approach the Courts, aleady overflowing with cheque bounce cases? In the light of public interest Justice A. R. Lakshmanans observation, SARCAJC appeals to Reserve Bank of India to Amend the present Banking Ombudsman Scheme so that compensation can be awarded to common man (taking account the loss of the complainants time and harassment and mental anguish), whose cheque is wrongly bounced by any Bank. Further, apart from officials of Reserve Bank of India, two active representatives of general public should be included in Banking Ombudsman structure so that Banking Ombudsman Scheme effectively works in the public interest and eases the pressure of cheque bounce cases in the Indian courts. Review Of Literature Awareness Fridays: A Guide to the Indian Banking Ombudsman Scheme Vinaya HS on January 2, 2009 The Reserve Bank of India also governs the Banking Ombudsman Scheme which provides an â€Å"expeditious and inexpensive forum to bank customers for resolution of their complaints relating to banking services.†The objective of the Banking Ombudsman Scheme is to be a visible and reliable system of dispute resolution mechanism for bank customers. Though the Ombudsman was launched way back in 1995, how many among us are really aware of when and how to approach the Banking Ombudsman? Thankfully, as always, the Reserve Bank of India has recently released a guide on this very topic. RBI amends Banking Ombudsman Scheme Mumbai, May 24: The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) brought about crucial amendments to the Banking Ombudsman Scheme, 2006 which will now enable aggrieved customers to not only appeal against any Ombudsmans decision but also to appeal in case of complaints being rejected. The appeal could be made to the deputy governors office of the RBI. The Ombudsman, however, has the right to reject complaints if they are ; not on the grounds of complaint referred to in clause 8; beyond the pecuniary jurisdiction of Banking Ombudsman prescribed; frivolous, vexatious, malafide; without any sufficient cause; that it is not pursued by the complainant with reasonable diligence; in the opinion of the Banking Ombudsman there is no loss or damage or inconvenience caused to the complainant; or requiring consideration of elaborate documentary and oral evidence and the proceedings before the Banking Ombudsman. In case of a complainant being aggrieved by the award under clause 12 or by rejection of a complaint, he may exercise the option of an appeal within 30 days, the RBI said in its notification. Title:THE BANKING OMBUDSMAN SCHEME Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance Year:1994 Abstract: This paper examines the role of the Banking Ombudsman in dealing with complaints about banking services. It describes the procedures for investigating eligible complaints and considers the overlap with other Ombudsman schemes, in particular those of the Building Societies and Insurance Ombudsmen. Exemplary Cases dealt with by BO offices where customers were right Case 1 : The complainant was maintaining a current account and approached the bank to convert his current account to cash credit account. For the said purpose he had pledged NSC amounting to Rs.1,20,000/-. Subsequently the bank neither sanctioned him a cash credit limit nor returned the certificates. In the meantime the certificates were matured for payment and he requested the bank to return the certificates. The bank failed to return the certificates stating that the certificates had been misplaced. The complainant approached us with a request to redress his grievances. On taking up the matter with the bank, the bank assured to take up the matter with the post office for issue of duplicate NSCs. On receipt of the duplicate NSCs from the concerned post office, the complainant was compensated for the loss of the original certificates. The complainant submitted a letter of satisfaction to the BO. Case 2 : A complaint relating to non-credit of cheque amount into the account of the complainant was received. The complainant had reportedly taken up the matter with the bank several times but there was no response by the bank towards credit of the cheque amount. The complainant approached the BO for resolution of his grievances. On receipt of the complaint, BO questioned the bank as to what action had been taken on the complaint by them. The bank reported that the cheque in question was lost in transit resulting in non-credit of the cheque amount to the complainants account. At the instance of BO, the bank took up the matter with UTI Mutual Fund, Patna by submitting letter of undertaking and death certificate. The Mutual Fund issued a duplicate cheque and the amount was credited to the complainants account. The complainant submitted a letter of satisfaction. Case 3 : BO received a complaint where the complainant alleged that on her husbands death, she approached the concerned bank on November 27, 2008 for payment of family pension and all the formalities were completed as required by the bank. The Treasury Officer had converted the pension into family pension and advised the bank on October 18, 2008 to make payment to the widow. Though she had been approaching the bank there was no response from the bank. BO questioned the bank as to what action had been taken by them on the complaint. On persuasion, the bank redressed the grievances and paid the family pension to the complainant . Case 4 : A cheque drawn by the EPF Department on the ABC Banks Nasik branch for Rs.21.36 lakh was sent to XYZ Bank, New Delhi for credit to the account of the complainant. The amount was not credited to the complainants account advising that it had not received the cheque. The complainant, however, obtained the Proof of Delivery from Post Office in support of the claim that it was delivered to the XYZ bank.. It transpired that the XYZ bank had actually misplaced the cheque before sending it for collection to ABC Bank and it had already furnished an affidavit to the EPF Department reporting the misplacement of the cheque and requesting for a duplicate cheque. With the intervention of BO, the bank credited an amount of Rs.18,894/- as interest on the delayed payment since date of deposit of the cheque. RECOMMENDATIONS : 1. If a complaint is not settled by agreement within a period of one month from the date of receipt of the complaint or such further period as he may consider necessary, the Banking Ombudsman may make a recommendation by reference to what is, in his opinion, fair in all the circumstances. Copies of the recommendation shall be sent to the complainant and the bank concerned. 2. The recommendation by the Banking Ombudsman shall be open to acceptance by the complainant only if he accepts all terms of the recommendation in full and final settlement of his claim against the bank and he shall, if he accepts the recommendation, within two weeks from the date of receipt of the recommendation send his acceptance in writing stating clearly that he is prepared to accept a settlement in terms of the recommendation is full and final settlement of his complaint. 3. The Banking Ombudsman shall cause a copy of the letter of acceptance, received from the complainant to be forwarded to the bank. The bank shall, if the recommendation is acceptable to it, comply with the terms of the recommendation immediately on receipt of acceptance of the terms by the complainant and inform the Banking Ombudsman of the settlement in terms of his recommendation. If the recommendation is not acceptable to the bank, it shall inform the Banking Ombudsman within a period of two weeks. sReferences : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ombudsman http://www.rbi.org.in/SCRIPTs/bs_viewcontent.aspx?Id=164 http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/FAQView.aspx?Id=24 http://www.consumercourt.netfirms.com/consumercourtbankingombudsman.htm http://www.apnaloan.com/credit-card-india/Banking-ombudsman-area.html http://www.icrpc.org/icrpc.org.bankingombudsman.htm
Friday, September 20, 2019
Essay --
Following the publication of the book The Analysis of the Self, Heinz Kohut created a revolutionary theory to represent a new branch of psychoanalysis: self-psychology (O'Leary, Trumpeter, Watson, & Weathington, 2008). The idea of self-psychology is based on a series of adaptations made within adolescence following a general pattern. Firstly, the child must develop the â€Å"self†, which consists of the child’s feelings and thoughts on the surrounding environment. Born with a â€Å"nuclear self†, children are exposed to a â€Å"virtual self†presented by the parental figures. To achieve proper stability and structure, children need to first become narcissistic to develop a sense of worth and permanence, giving way to the â€Å"grandiose self†(Banai, Mikulincer, & Shaver, 2005). Kohut proposed the idea of adaptive narcissism (positive) and maladaptive narcissism (negative), two forms of the same narcissistic tendencies (O'Leary, Trumpeter, Watson, & Weathington, 2008). Kohut believed development of the â€Å"self†, being a new adaptation to Freud’s id/ego/superego theory, took place within three axes: the grandiosity axis, the idealization axis, and the alter ego-connectedness axis. The grandiosity axis refers to the child’s ability to preserve a positive outlook upon life and maintain a balanced self-esteem. A normal, healthy adult possesses the ability to pursue ambitious endeavors, present commitment to worthwhile tasks, and retain assertiveness, if this particular axis is well developed; essentially, this axis is the embodiment of the child’s sense of self-worth. The idealization axis coincides with the wants and desires of a person. The ability to sustain a well-balanced goal system is the key to the development of the idealization axis; a normal, ... ...r, certain circumstances reap negative consequences. Generally speaking, such actions occur subconsciously in response to an unspoken bond or admiration for the subject’s mentor. Often times, things, such as physical appearance, vocal tone or attitude, posture, eye contact, distance, and body language, may be mimicked unwantedly. This adaptation usually leads to a charismatic attitude, persuasive dialect, intimate camaraderie, and an overall positive feel to the relationship. Not all things mimicked will be a positive trait, however, nor will the adaptations always be seen as a good thing. Such adaptations may cause an awkward reaction if the mentor is uncomfortable with the situation. The sudden threat of the mentor’s unique nature may be seen as a social faux pa, causing a coldness to creep into the relationship because of the newfound insecurity (Thompson, 2012).
Thursday, September 19, 2019
Wireless Technology Essay -- Network Congestion,
Wireless is a new technology that allows users to access information and services regardless of the geographic position. People can utilize and surf the Internet with computers (e.g., laptop, palmtop, smart phone and PDA) whenever and wherever possible. In general, wireless network can be classified into two types: infrastructure network and ad hoc network. Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is an autonomous group of mobile users who communicate through relatively bandwidth constrained wireless links. Since the hosts are mobile, the network topology may change rapidly and unpredictably over time [3]. Congestion in a network may occur if the load on the network (the numbers of packets send to the network) is greater than the capacity of the network (the number of packets a network can handle). Thus network congestion can severely increase delay and packet loss and reduced network throughput. Congestion control refers to techniques and mechanisms that can either prevent congestion before it happens, or remove congestion after it happened. The main objective of congestion control is to limit the delay and buffer overflow caused by network congestion and provide better performance of the network [6]. In wire line networks, congestion control is implemented at the transport layer and is often designed separately from functions of other layers [20]. However, these congestion control techniques do not apply directly to adhoc networks because the ad hoc network is challenged by limited wireless bandwidth, power constraints, route failures due to node mobility and limited buffer size. The final result is high packet-loss rate, re-routing instability, loss of energy, bandwidth and retransmission of lost packets, which means that even mo... ...ne ( warn_line= queue_size/2), then the node’s congestion status becomes Zone I (safe zone). The average queue length greater than Minth and less than Maxth, then the node’s congestion status becomes Zone-II (likely to be congested zone) and initiates alternate path discovery mechanism. In mean time, the instant queue size is greater than Maxth due to heaviness of incoming traffic and the status of alternate path discovery becomes false. In this situation our algorithm introduce queue utilization parameter consists of three ranges {85%queuesize, 87.5%queuesize, 90%queuesize} which will help to change Maxth values dynamically until alternate path discovery becomes true. Finally average queue length is greater than Maxth, then the node’s congestion status becomes Zone –III(congested zone). The algorithm of dynamic congestion detection algorithm is shown in Fig.1. Wireless Technology Essay -- Network Congestion, Wireless is a new technology that allows users to access information and services regardless of the geographic position. People can utilize and surf the Internet with computers (e.g., laptop, palmtop, smart phone and PDA) whenever and wherever possible. In general, wireless network can be classified into two types: infrastructure network and ad hoc network. Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is an autonomous group of mobile users who communicate through relatively bandwidth constrained wireless links. Since the hosts are mobile, the network topology may change rapidly and unpredictably over time [3]. Congestion in a network may occur if the load on the network (the numbers of packets send to the network) is greater than the capacity of the network (the number of packets a network can handle). Thus network congestion can severely increase delay and packet loss and reduced network throughput. Congestion control refers to techniques and mechanisms that can either prevent congestion before it happens, or remove congestion after it happened. The main objective of congestion control is to limit the delay and buffer overflow caused by network congestion and provide better performance of the network [6]. In wire line networks, congestion control is implemented at the transport layer and is often designed separately from functions of other layers [20]. However, these congestion control techniques do not apply directly to adhoc networks because the ad hoc network is challenged by limited wireless bandwidth, power constraints, route failures due to node mobility and limited buffer size. The final result is high packet-loss rate, re-routing instability, loss of energy, bandwidth and retransmission of lost packets, which means that even mo... ...ne ( warn_line= queue_size/2), then the node’s congestion status becomes Zone I (safe zone). The average queue length greater than Minth and less than Maxth, then the node’s congestion status becomes Zone-II (likely to be congested zone) and initiates alternate path discovery mechanism. In mean time, the instant queue size is greater than Maxth due to heaviness of incoming traffic and the status of alternate path discovery becomes false. In this situation our algorithm introduce queue utilization parameter consists of three ranges {85%queuesize, 87.5%queuesize, 90%queuesize} which will help to change Maxth values dynamically until alternate path discovery becomes true. Finally average queue length is greater than Maxth, then the node’s congestion status becomes Zone –III(congested zone). The algorithm of dynamic congestion detection algorithm is shown in Fig.1.
Wednesday, September 18, 2019
Paradise Lost and The Blazing World: Knowledge of Knowledge that is Bes
Paradise Lost and The Blazing World: Knowledge of Knowledge that is Best Left Unknown John Milton set out to write Paradise Lost in order to â€Å"justify the ways of God to men†(1.26). To achieve this grand goal, Milton relies on his reader’s capability to discover a degree of personal revelation within the text. Many scholars have noted Milton’s reliance on personal discovery throughout Paradise Lost; Stanley Eugene Fish points out that discovery operates in Paradise Lost in a way that â€Å"is analogous to that of the Mosaic Law†because it invokes a level of interaction with the reader that is able to â€Å"bring us to the righteousness of Christ†(526-7). This idea of discovery differs from genre because the reader’s personal experiences within the text frame the guiding principles for the reader’s self-education. In The Blazing Word, Margaret Cavendish utilizes discovery as a means to instruct her reader in a way that closely resembles that used by Milton in Paradise Lost. In addition, Cavendish makes use of one of its main themes: â€Å"Be lowly wise†(Milton 8.173). Although the idea that Cavendish and Milton would both emphasize personal discovery in their texts may not be all that earth-shattering, it seems rather implausible that Margaret Cavendish, a woman who was a â€Å"stanch opponent to Puritan values,†(Ankers 306) as well as an devoted royalist, could have possessed a conception of the nature of knowledge that was virtually indistinguishable from the one held by John Milton, a devout Puritan and Cromwell supporter. Furthermore, our current conceptions of these two writersâ€â€Margaret Cavendish as a pioneering feminist writer and John Milton as a conservative Christian iconâ€â€seem to further undermine any notion that these two autho... ...ary Criticism 9.1,2 (2000): 301-15. Cavendish, Margaret. The Blazing World. The Blazing World & Other Writings. Ed. Kate Lilley. London: Penguin, 1994. 117-202. Fish, Stanely Eugene. â€Å"Discovery as Form in Paradise Lost.†Paradise Lost: An Authoritative Text Backgrounds and SourcesCriticism. 2nd ed. Ed. Scott Elledge. New York: Nortan, 1993. 526-36. Lilley, Kate. â€Å"Introduction†. The Blazing World & Other Writings.Ed. Kate Lilley. London: Penguin, 1994. ix-xxxii. Milton, John. Paradise Lost. Paradise Lost: An Authoritative Text Backgrounds and Sources Criticism. 2nd ed. Ed. Scott Elledge. New York: Nortan, 1993. 1-304. Wood, Caroline Tanya. â€Å"The Fall and Rise of Absoluteism: Margaret Cavendish’s Manipulation of Masque Conventions in ‘The Claspe: Fantasmes Masque’and The Blazing World.†In-Between: Essays & Studies in Literary Criticism 9.1,2 (2000): 287-99.
Tuesday, September 17, 2019
Query letter
Dear Publisher, Illustration has always been my passion since the last 15 years of my life and now I am at a point from where I can introduce my illustration book, â€Å"Cultural Diversity†, to the readers all across the Globe. My book, â€Å"Cultural Diversity†offers a collective view of the world, in which it highlights the greatness of it. I have traveled extensively across the continents to create my book from my direct experience. Thus â€Å"Cultural Diversity†has become a depiction of wonderful collage of various cultures of Europe, Asia, America and Africa, while identifying the effects of cultures over civilization.I love to communicate with the world with my paintings and especially I love to put forth a message through them that world is much beautiful than we can anticipate – that irrespective of situations there is always the ray of hope, love, amity and fraternity – and I have sincerely tried to show that these universal positive q ualities unify the various civilizations across the globe.These positive qualities that I could observe among all the places I visited, have remained my guiding engine behind the creation of â€Å"Cultural Diversity†– they culminated into a wonderful package of emotion, which then converted them into painting. That package of emotion, however, contains various shades in it – like an intense desire to the hopeless winning hopes or the youths blooming to their best. Thus there are many paintings that contain elements of inspiration for all – which would touch the human mind and tell them to do their bit to come out of the shell of despair and frustration. Pictures tell more than 1000 words, so I believe and that has made me more confident about imbibing the positivism in the readers' mind through my paintings.I believe my proposed book would open a new horizon of ideas regarding how people can find the main chord of unity that exists in every part of the w orld with same qualities known to everyone. My book â€Å"Cultural Diversity†thus, would facilitate its readers to discover that common chord and rediscover the joy of togetherness and fraternity. In the wake of global disharmony, I believe this book would serve a great social cause as well.From a simple perspective, this book would communicate with its readers by two ways – by its paintings/illustrations and by short commentaries on them. This would greatly help a reader to get a comprehensive grasp over the nuances of each culture presented in the book. This brings forth the issue of educational value of this book – which encompasses all the segments of the readers like parents, teachers and researchers, besides the student community.Though â€Å"Cultural Diversity†has been accompanied by Mellitus language, I am ready to present it in other languages too – because the simplicity of the content of this book would pose no hindrance at all their c onversion into any other language. As for the language of the picture, it would appeal the same way to anyone belonging to any culture of language. And it is my paintings that dominates this book, each carrying one or two paragraphs of writing with them.In all, the proposed book â€Å"Cultural Diversity†contains all my own essences of education, experience, creativity, imagination and utmost passion to serve the world in my own humble way – where the world would stop by and happily think of the joy of togetherness, of wonderful unity in diversity. Thus I would like you to be the bridge between my dream and the reality by being the publisher of â€Å"Cultural Diversity†Looking forward to hearing from youDETAILS OF THE PROJECTI. OVERVIEW OF THE BOOK: â€Å"CULTURAL DIVERSITY†Each painting of the book has evolved out of a particular culture, and thus contains specific elements of that culture to help the reader/viewer identify that. It took a painstakin g amount of research to find out the appropriate characters, social events or other elements that could highlight the uniqueness of a culture. I'm sure, the incorporation of different characters at every page that I have made with special emphasis on remembering them for longer period, would keep its readers engaged from its first page to the last page. â€Å"Cultural Diversity†would also serve as a wonderful documentary of a time that is surely in transition in the wake of globalization – with the advent of Internet and virtual world, the little nuances and customs spread all across the globe among different communities are now becoming the part of history – a good slice of which has been kept alive in my proposed book.This book demonstrates cultural diversity among 19 nationalities with strong cultural features. Between its folds, it holds the message that the world should be peaceful with friendly people living together; no matter what language they speak of what are their other ways of living. This book is an account of my first-hand experience about all the 19 places and their cultures, where I researched painstakingly to gather all the details like traditional costumes, skin colors, facial features, life style, and the styles of their architecture. 19 pieces of painting in the book represent 19 nations, while the last painting combines the features of all 19 nations to form a unique painting to substantiate the final message – â€Å"No matter we differ in color, race or nationality, all of us are the parts of one single journey of civilization on this earth.†The nationalities chosen for the project are: British, Chinese, Japanese, Italian, French, Korean, Thai, Indian, Hindu, African, German, Egyptian, Vietnamese, Greek, Filipino, Turkish, Dutch, Icelander, and Russian. Each painting of them clearly highlights the unique feature of a particular nation, with exaggerated costumes, emphasized facial features and stylized characters. My own imagination too has supplemented the compositions, besides an intense use of my knowledge and skill of painting that I mastered through extensive schooling and practice – in fact this book is the end product of my tenure as a student.II. CATAGORY/NATURE OF THE BOOKThis books belongs to the category of Painting and Illustration. Three examples of other books, viz., â€Å"Jimmy's Books of Paintings†, â€Å"Moster Goose†and â€Å"The Adventures of Abdi†from this category would explain better:1. â€Å"Jimmy's Books of Paintings†: Jiminy he is a famous artist in Taiwan and Japan with lots of titles to his credit. Most of his book have become popular, of which a good many cheater has been made for toy or gift goods. His target readership aims readers from the age group 12 onwards, which would be my target tool. Some of his books have been used as educational items for the younger generations, as Jimmy mostly highlighted the subject à ¢â‚¬ËœLove' in his books. Accordingly, my book highlights the topic â€Å"Fraternity†.How My Book Differs from Jimmy: Jiminy’s artwork has solid condense smooth contrast, while my art has more contrast impact, intending to drag more of the readers' attention. This is in complete contrast with Jimmy's style. While Jimmy's book speaks about Love, my book wants to establish the power of fraternity – which holds a much larger canvas and much significance in topicality under the present context of deteriorating state of global harmony. Therefore my book promises to attract a larger readership across the globe.2. â€Å"Moster goose†: This is another kind of illustration book, which simply tells some stories with simple painting. This book targets little children’s' market. The illustrations and writings in it are very simple and is not for the readership above 15 at the most.How it Differs from My Book: My book is very complex in a sense that it cont ains something more than an illustration. It speaks its story through the paintings primarily. However, the elements incorporated in the paintings would definitely rouse the interest among children as well. This way my book is miles ahead in the range of possible readership, with its promise to become a part of the growth of the children all across the globe.3. â€Å"The Adventures of Abdi†: This book uses live sources as its basic design where it tells a complete story with picture.Its Difference with My Book: My book covers more elements than live sources, and instead of telling a single story, it highlights different aspects of different communities across the globe and in the end unifies them in a single painting to put forth the message of fraternity. I have used few paragraph to inform about the communities mostly, thereby leaving much scope for the readers to imagine on their own, while letting the paintings interact with them. Thus my book stands apart in style an d technique from â€Å"The Adventures of Abdi†and also promises to gather much larger readership than it.III. AUTHOR'S BACKGROUNDI have been learning Art for about ten years. There were many reasons why I chose to be an Artist as my lifetime career. While painting a piece of artwork, other than fulfilling the happiness inside of me, it also helps me to put the painful memories of my real life aside. On top of that, my family background took the major role of why I want to be an Artist.Since my parents got divorced before I was born, my mother raised me. While I grew up without having a father by my side, my mother became the most important role in my life. But on my age of fourteen, my mother was confirmed having rectum cancer. That was the most frightening moment of my life. What if she left me and won’t be there for me anymore?Luckily, my mother didn’t leave me. After she got healed, she said to me, â€Å"You must learn something in professional skill. In ca se I must leave you some day, you must have the ability to support your own life in this challenging world.†I love painting since I was little, so I thought maybe I have some talents within this field. But when I decided to join the world of art, my mother had strongly disapproved that idea. She opined that it is hard for an artist to get a stable job in Taiwan, my native the place.Passion overruled the suggestion, as painting happens to be my life. I never feel tired of creating artworks. Fortunately, she listened to my appeal and finally allowed me to choose what I want to be.I spent most of my time on painting. I enjoyed and treasured each of my chances of learning in school and that definitely has improved my painting skill, knowledge of art, composition, color theory and creativity. Initially it was more of a challenge took charge of me, as I wanted to prove my worth as an artist to my mother – but in the end it turned out to be one of pure love for art and nothin g else! Now my hard work is not just aimed to fulfill my mother's dream, but also to fulfill the promises showing in my art.A lot of people use different ways to recall their memories and experiences. For example, writing dairies, recording voices, or taking pictures. My way of recalling my memories and experiences is to paint down what I saw. I have been living in America for five years. America is a very interesting country since it is an international place where people came from different parts of the world. Most of the people I’ve met in this country have actually moved here from another place. With such friends and schoolmates living close by, each of us contribute to form a wonderful global culture here, which perhaps also influenced my thought process to go in creating a book with the concept of global fraternity.IV. TARGET MARKET SEGMENTMy target market segment covers the following features:Æ) It aims to cater to the market segment between the range of 12 years a nd above.ÆÆ) It aims to cater to the global audienceÆÆÆ) It aims to keep the price range within the reach of lower or lower middle income group.V. IDEAS ABOUT PROMOTIONThere will be online stores under my personal web site and I will contact the online bookstores operating from Taiwan and US, who would carry promotional campaign with excerpts of my book and downloadable screensavers made with one or two of my paintings. Alongside they would provide easy online retail outlets. A promotional video can also be made with the excerpts of the book. These will be joined by traditional advertisements on the magazines and on the websites.I will open a web blog with the description of the book and promotional literature for it. Besides that I will hold small meetings with friends and peers to hold lecture sessions with the USP of the book. Alongside, I will promote my book with some small giveaways like key holder, small notebooks, etc., all designed with elements taken fr om my book.VI. PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONi) Book Size: 16Ãâ€"12 inch total 40 page including coversii) Printing: Profession Print will be done in China. Digital file request for example print, most example print will be free if we order the amount of print around 5000-10000 books, full color print. Selection of different paper and book cover paper material will change the cost accordingly. This estimate has been received from a printing farm based at Shenzhen city, China, over international phone quote, which puts the basic price range for 5000 prints (hard cover book, double side saint gloss finish on two-pound paper) cost around $2-$3 per book, excluding shipping cost.Æ) Shipping Cost and Delivery Time: It is about $600, that would take around 3 week to US.ÆV) Estimated Final Cost: Around $4 per book.V) Estimated Sale Price: I will set my book sale price around $16.99 for US, $10 for Asia such as China, Taiwan, Hong Kong.Ends
Monday, September 16, 2019
The factory system took little account of the needs of workers – How far do you agree with this statement?
On the whole I agree with this statement. Most factory owners did not take into the account the needs of their workers. However, there were some exceptions, sir Titus salt for example. To begin with I shall look at the factory system in general and the appalling living and working conditions it imposed on its workers. In the factory towns houses were squeezed into the centres of towns or around the factories. Landlords crammed as many people into houses as they could. The water supply was another problem. Sewage and rubbish was left in the backyard, piled up in the street or thrown into open drains, which ran down the roads. Even where there were drains and sewage pipes, they normally ran into the local rivers – where people collected their water. Most factory owners built the house quickly which made them not safe and also built them closely together witch meant diseases, people having to share toilets which caused dirty water. People had to buy fresh water from carts and rich people. â€Å"Sixty thousand of the population had no running water except from wells and rain water†(From the commercial directory of Leeds – 1834) The dirty water caused lots of disease such as cholera. Cholera was a disease that arrived from the continent. It could kill a person very quickly. People only used to live to 19 on an average due to disease. The reason for this was that people worked at least 9 hours a day and only had four hours sleep. Most people were too tired to eat after they came home from work. Most people only got paid fifteen shillings, which is equal to fifteen pence per week. If they wanted to work over time they only got a further three pence. Many people went to live in the towns so that they could find work in the factories. Before this they had worked in their homes. Factory life was very different. Children were often beaten black and blue with a strap or kicked in the ribs. If you got injured. For example lost your finger in a machine you wouldn't have got any wages. Girls who had long hair often had their hair chopped off as a punishment for bad work. The power loom would of would of made a terrible noise this causing harm/ear acre for the factory workers most of the time they was nothing to stop the workers from breathing in the dust from the machines. †My eldest. The cog caught her finger and screwed it off below the knuckle†(Samuel Coulson, Father of two girls, giving evidence to the committee – 1832) The factory owners only paid their workers very little amount of money or even none at all when they were off due to sickness, they may have even lost there jobs and became paupers. Those people who were fit were made to go to the workhouse often families were separated. The food was poor and they had to where a uniform. There were 129 steam factories in Bradford and Bradford had become the world centre of the worsted industry. Worsted is a fine woollen cloth used to make women's dresses and men's suits. The town often attracted tens of thousands of migrants – mainly young men and women who wanted to work in the mills, they came from all over the British Isles. The town was unable to cope with them. No one took responsibility for a long time. There were terrible problems of drunkenness, violence and crime. The pollution of the atmosphere in Bradford was dreadful. When the magistrates tried to introduce the workhouse system to Bradford in 1836 they had to flee to Leeds as the mob tried to take control of the town. This map shows that there was only a little built up area in Bradford about 1800 But in 1879 they where much more houses built more closely together and more people were living in them. The rapid growth of population caused terrible problems because there were no rules or regulations about building houses. Here I include a source from the Bradford Observer June 5th 1845. Thompson's buildings – this locality is situate on an eminence at the foot of which runs a filthy beck, or stream, impregnated with the refuse of dye houses, manufactories, and dwellings contiguous to it. The streets are narrow and filthy, and the general arrangement of the dwellings unfavourable to health. The inhabitants uniformly complain of ill health. In 12 cases taken on rotation, the figures showed that the dwellings are inhabited by ninety-five persons, having only twenty four beds, or eight to one bedroom, the average size of which is seventeen feet by fifteen. Case 7: Family 9 ,rooms and beds 2, house workers 5. Case 8: Same numbers of family, beds, and rooms as last; house workers 4. Case 9: Family 6; rooms and beds 2, house workers 4. Case 10: Family 10, rooms and beds 2; house workers 5. Case 11: Family 7; rooms 2; bed 1; house workers 4. Case 12: Family 11; rooms 3 beds 2, house workers 5. Case 13: Family 8; rooms, beds, and workers 2; females, charcoal. Case 14: Family 12, rooms 2, beds 3, workers 4; females 2; coals. Case 15: Family 7; rooms and beds 2; workers 4; female 1. Case 16: Family 10; rooms 2, beds 3; workers 4. Case 18: Family 4; room and bed; workers 2; female 1. This meant that they would be more pollution; they would be more sewage in the streets, which would attract rats and other vermin. The pollution was so bad that the canal was called â€Å"STINK RIVER†. A survey in 1845 revealed that between 8 and 12 people lived in two rooms on average. This, along with poor sanitation, badly built (jerry built) houses caused the life expectation in Bradford to be the lowest in Yorkshire – only 20 years of age. They were exceptions though my first example is Robert Owen 1771 – 1858. Between the years 1815 to 1820 they was distress and a lot of unemployment. Parliaments were Luke warm about the new idea, but the setting up of villages of co-operation remained the basic aim of socialists and the co-operative movement up to the middle of the nineteenth centaury. One of the most dramatic events in Robert Owens life was the forming of the Grand National Consolidated Trades Union in 1834. Though the settlements were a failure, the co-operative movements inspired Robert Owen, spread rapidly through Britain between 1826 and 1835, when some two hundred and fifty Co-operative societies were formed. They set up stores for the sale of high quality goods at reasonable prices and formed producers' co-operatives to help the unemployed. It was the co-operative retail shop, which gave the movement its greatest success. Here I include the map of Robert Owens successful mill, New Lanark. Owen gave socialism all its basic ideas. He laid the foundations of the co-operative movement and left his mark on trade unionism. He was a pioneer in a factory reform and progressive education, and few men have played such a large part in social reform. Now I go on to look at my second example, Sir Titus Salt. Sir Titus Salt was born at Morley in 1803. He first worked for his father as a wool merchant. He later set up his own spinning plant in Bradford in 1834. By this time he had married Caroline Whitlon, The daughter of a rich Lincolnshire sheep farmer. He first carried out a social survey among his workers to see what size house they needed. It had not previously occurred to anyone that a worker with ten children needed more rooms in his house than a worker with one child. Sir Titus Salt chose a site adjoining the Leeds Liverpool canal, the River Aire and the newly made railway station, So he had ideal transport facilities for his trading. It was a massive mill, he chose innovative architects, and agreed to their suggestion of Italianite style. There was space, light and warmth in his new mill. The location was superb, in a green and pleasant are. The mill opened in 1853 on Titus Salts 50th birthday. He then created an entire village of houses, park, school, library, recreation and a learning institute and an outdoor sport facility. The streets were named after his children and family. He called this village â€Å"Saltaire†. Titus employed a large number of workers in combing, spinning and weaving his cloth. He had business connections throughout Europe and America and yet â€Å"For in his making his thousands he never forgot, the thousands who helped him to make them†Titus had simple but good education, and would have liked to become a doctor, but could not stand the sight of blood, so that ambition was quashed, although it did show that young Titus was aware of health and disease. His family were Congregationalists, and religion was very influential in their upbringing. On the whole I agree that the factory system took little account of the needs of its workers but there were exceptions, sir Titus Salt and Robert Owen were one of these exceptions.
Sunday, September 15, 2019
A Critical Analysis – John Keats, “Ode on a Grecian Urnâ€Â
The Romantic Period introduced a variety of writing styles. The authors of the early eighteenth century altered many of the earlier romantic pieces. The early writers primary area of concern was nature. It was not until the ladder part of the eighteenth century that authors began to focus on the supernatural as well as nature. John Keats unique style of writing gave the world a great respect for his work. Keats felt his poetry should effect the readers emotions, and only great poetry could move the reader to the point of enjoyment. In doing this Keats felt the only way to achieve his goal of â€Å"moving his udience†was to surrender to uncertainties, or by believing much of life is unexplainable, especially human beings, who strive on emotion that guide their wants and needs. In the â€Å"Ode on a Grecian Urn†, the urn represents a story without regard to time. (Bloom 16). The unchanging marble arrests time through the urn. (Bloom 16). â€Å"When old age shall this generation waste, Thou shalt remain†(lines 46-47), describes the unchanging marbles and the characters on the urn. With the unchanging marble, the urn has slowed time towards eternity, making artwork immortal (bloom 16). This shows the immortal side of the Grecian urn physical appearance. The unchangeable urn also displays a tale of an everyday place. The urn show the people with their endless deeds. â€Å"Fair youth, beneath the trees, thou canst not leave Thy song, nor ever can those trees be bare; Bold Lover, never, never canst thou kiss, Tough winning near the goal- ye, do not grieve; She cannot fade, though thou hadt not thy bliss, Forever wilt thou love, and she be fair! (lines 15-20). Life is halted and can never continue from this point. The fair youth, the Bold Lover, the trees of spring, and the season spring, can ever leave their endless deeds. Immortality of the town is shown. What little town by river or seashore, Or mountain-built with peaceful citadel, Is empitied of this folk, this pious morn? And, little town, thy streets forevermore Will be silent be†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (lines 35 – 39). The town will never see people inhibiting it, bringing loneliness and immorality throughout the town. These are the advantages mortality give to the living. The themes of immortality and morality can be seen throughout â€Å"Ode of a Grecian Urn. †The unchanging marble of the urn can be considered immortal just as the tale displayed on the urn. The fact that the tale on the urn can never change shows the disadvantage of being mmortal and the reason why morality can be better. The poem begins by probing the reader with a series of questions presented by the speaking subject. Keats then permits the urn to speak without speaking, to â€Å"express a flowery tale more sweetly than rhyme. Keats has trouble getting outside of the answers he continually struggle with during his writing career. He presents a series of questions he expects the urn, or the representative of the urn to answer. Scott says, â€Å"the ode does not begin with the speakers attempt to compete with the urn, but with a homage to its strange enealogy and its paradoxical powers of eloquence†(Scott 135). Scott also says, Keats immediately becomes impatient with the urn’s silence and seeks to impose his own dialogue on the existing surface of the urn. Andrew Bennett recognizes Keat’s desire to enter the dialogue saying, â€Å"Keats always seems about to burst into narrative†(Bennett 130). He appears from the beginning to question the urn, then later adds his answers. Keats now haunts the reader at the end of the poem by questioning the nature of truth represented by the urn. Stillenger accurately states in â€Å"The Hoodwinking of Madeline†, the question of he urn, â€Å"Who said what to whom at the end of ‘Ode on a Grecian Urn? †(Stillinger 167- 173). Truth is related to whom we identify as the speaking subject. Someone or something is addressing the reader directly. Someone is defined as â€Å"a friend of man†. Keats sees the â€Å"happy lover†as well as the â€Å"object of desire†, the three boughs and the piper. The urn contains a scene ambiguous in meaning. He presents questions within the first through forth stanzas. He demands origins, names and meaning in regards to specified events. The unanswered questions are left for the reader to answer. Jason Muro says, the ode inscribes a sine wave, with five distinct points along its length. First, the poet is steeped in despair brought about b the world’s unrelenting flex. Second, upon entering the urn, he is filled with hope he has found the antidote for despair. Third, he finds his hope unfounded, the antidote was a placebo. Fourth, he closely examined the urn, he embodies a terror more intense than the despair from which he sought relief. The Placebo is in fact poison. Last, he embraces transient conditions of the world as an antidote to the terrors of the urn. The point of origin of Keats initial problem from which he wants to ascene becomes his point of salvation he want to climb by the end of the poem. Keats became apart of his poetry by becoming all of its characters in one aspect or another. He is the â€Å"unheard melody that is never really heard or appreciated in its lifetime†. He is the tree that will never go bare, because he died during the spring season of the year. He is the bold lover that will never kiss yet will forever love. Line after line Keats is the representative of the objects and people he describes. The happy boughs, happy melodist, and the pining lover. I believe the poet and the urn to one in the same. The question is, What was the meaning of â€Å"beauty is truth, truth is beauty? Stiller believes it to mean, â€Å"face value, the statement is false, and Keats knew this and understood this, but maybe considered it a simple, sarcastic equation that would guarantee a frivolous, superficial existence in a society consumed with who’s who. †(200). Keats was making a mockery of the ideal, ‘forever happy’ lifestyle by realizing no one is truly happy no matter how thing appear to the outside world. The urn may have been representative of Keat’s dream of a short lifestyle. A group whose motto was â€Å"Beauty is truth, truth beauty,†and were there beliefs to their end. What was the true sacrifice Keats endured within this work? Was so much of his time spent creating this fictional urn, only to inform society of his final analogy of his time on earth? Did Keats consider himself to be the â€Å"Sylvan historian? †Had he mastered the superficial rules to life and living on earth? Was he letting the reader in on his theory? of â€Å"Beauty is truth, truth beauty? †These are questions that may remain unanswered by Keats, but remain a mystery to whomever has the opportunity to explore â€Å"Ode on a Grecian Urn. Taking a look into to today’s society, we find the same belief. Appearing to be physically perfect is the new trend. We worship Hollywood stars and try to model our own lives after them. The media makes the world of Hollywood perfect and we sometimes have a difficult time deciphering between our world and their world. There are many of us who aspire to be like the ‘stars’ yet there is a hidden message within the lives they lead. â€Å"Beauty is truth, truth beauty. †This message is apparent whenever a ‘star’ is in the spotlight. Society believes in the reality behind the message â€Å"Beauty is truth, truth beauty. We want to believe this message is the key to all our happiness. We all at one time or another within our lives have tried to live according to our favorite celebrity, just as Keats idolized the people projected on his urn. Keats life unfortunately ended before it ever began yet he was able to realize despite his heartbreak and illness, that this is almost never true. No matter how perfect things appear to be on the outside, it’s totally different when you attempt to put the other person shoes on and takes a stroll. In other words, things are not what they always appear to be.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)