The Symbols Of The White Buffalo And The Red Heifer Essay Example for Free

The Symbols Of The flannel buffalo And The vehement Heifer EssayEvery burnish has its induce set of norms and beliefs that serve as guide and standard of living for its people. Each culture is existence protected and kept consecrated by the people and is being passed by generation to generation. Even as the world goes on to its fast changing global trend, although some of the worlds ancient cultural traditions cede already vanished or at least faded away, some remained strong and were kept, observed and regularly celebrated today.While Greek and Roman mythologies are corporate in the modern culture (such as the names of the heavenly bodies), the legends and myths which main characters are sensuals can still be traced in the modern cultural traditions held by the people. Two of these examples are the legends of the vacuous Buffalo and the Red Heifer, animals which attributeic representations are held taboo even unto this day. The White Buffalo and the Red Heifer are an imals that are held symbolically sac blushful by the Native Americans and the Jewish people, respectively. While their legends are held by completely different cultures, these animals symbolize quite the same sacred values of hope, change, life and death. to begin with we can organise further comparison of the two different cultures, it is significant that we first take up to search into the stories behind their cultural symbols.A brief yarn of the story of the White Buffalo Woman, which is believed to charter been the profligate of the symbolic importance of the White Buffalo in the culture of the Sioux or the Lakota tribe, will be concisely narrated here before we will try to extract the symbols deep inside the legend. We will be taking the highlights of the legend from the story as told by bum Fire Lame deer, a man believed to be a Heyoka, and a holy man of Lakota (John Fire Lame Deer, 1967) In unity summer, the seven sacred council of plagues, called Oceti-Shakowin, of the nation called Lokota Oyate en inhabited. The chief of the one of the bands (Itazipcho or Without-Bows), Standing Hollow Horn sent two of his men to hunt for food. In a high hill, they came across with a woman, floating with two round red dots of face paint on her cheeks (John Fire Lame Deer, 1967). In John Fire Lame Deers own wordsShe wore a wonderful egg colourned buckskin outfit, tanned until it shone a long way in the sun. It was embroidered with sacred and marvelous designs of porcupine quill, in radiant colors no ordinary woman could hand over do.The woman was identified as Ptesan-Wi, White Buffalo Woman. One of the men had a versed desire of the woman and tried to touch her but was struck by lighting and was burnt until all was left of him was a heap of blackened finger cymbals. Other version of this part says that the young man was eaten by the snakes which were under the feet of the sacred woman and all was his skeleton. The other young man was told to submit to camp and tell the buffalo nation to prepare for her coming.The chief then ordered the people to gather and prepare for the coming of the holy woman and the medicine stay put with twenty- quadruplet poles was made as ordered. After foursome days, the White Buffalo Woman arrived in the camped, entered the medicine lodge and then taught the people many affaires. They made an earthen altar (made of red earth) with a buffalo skull. The holy woman then opened the bundle containing the sacred pipe called chanunpa and then taught them how to use it. She alike taught them the proper words and gestures of prayer to how to sing the pipe-filling song.The White Buffalo Woman also told them that they are the living bridge between the devoted Beneath and the Sacred Above. She then turned to the stone in the bowl and said, Its stone represents the buffalo, but also the flesh and blood of the red man. The buffalo represents the universe and the four setions, because he stands on four legs, for the four ages of man. The buffalo was put in the west by Wakan Tanka at the making of the world, to hold blanket the waters. Every year he loses one hair, and in every one of the four ages he loses a leg.The Sacred Hoop will end when all the hair and legs of the great buffalo are gone, and the water comes back to cover the Earth. The White Buffalo Woman also told the women that the works of their hands are as great as the warriors, taught them how to fire the hearth and the way the corn and meat should be cooked. To the children she said that they are the most important and most precious ones. As the purest of all tribes, she told Lakota that it was the reason why sacred piper was given to them. Before the White Buffalo Woman left, she told Standing Hollow Horn these wordsRemember this pipe is very sacred. discover it and it will take you to the end of the road. The four ages of creation are in me I am the four ages. I will come to nab you in every generation pass. I shall c ome back to you.The ending of the legendary story might have been the one held symbolically important up to this day. The White Buffalo Woman left the tribe, rolled over and stopped four meters. On each stop, the holy woman turned into different colors of a buffalo. First she turned into black, then to brown, to red one and then to a white female buffalo. In John Fire Lame Deers narration, the legend ended this way And from that day on, our relations, the buffalo, furnished the people with everything they needed meat for their food, skins for their clothes and tipis, bones for their many tools (John Fire Lame Deer, 1967).In the thick of the highly modify Western culture, the legend of the White Buffalo Woman is still alive in the culture of the plains tribes in America. Based on the moralistic value of the story and the economic situations of the native Americans, there is no reason to doubt that the White Buffalo is more than than a legend and cultural symbol in the lives of t hese people. For the poor people of America, the White Buffalo is a symbol of sacred life and abundance (Kagrise, Sarah 2005).The tribes of Lakota, Dakota, Nakota and Sioux regard the white buffalo as an important element of their traditions and prophecies (Schwartz, Stephanie M. 2006). If we are to go back to the legend, we have noned that the White Buffalo Woman left a promise to the nation that she will see them again and that promise is what the Native Americans are still waiting for unto these days. Held as a prophetic sign, these people are literally waiting for the cause of a white buffalo, an omen which signals the beginning of a sacred hoop of life (Kagrise, Sarah 2005).Why should one even expect that in the midst of the highly urbanized American culture, people will be amazed with the birth of a white buffalo and was even named Miracle? On August 20, 1994 a white buffalo was born in Janesville, Wisconsin farm-an event which struck the American people that they rushed to the see the white buffalo with their gifts (Menagerie, Steve). One practical reason that is, if we are to envision the event out of the context of culture and tradition, is that white buffalo is biologically or genetically rare.Buffalos are already considered 1nearly extinct as early as 1893 wherein it is estimated that there had only been 300 buffalos left in North America. Despite the fact that Miracle has changed color from white to blonde on its third year, the people roughly still continue to see her. On her death ten years after, Miracle left the Native American community shocked. Two years later, another white buffalo was born in the same farm which they named Miracles secondly Chance. These events were held as significant omens by the Lakota tribe.A apparitional leader of the Teton Oglala Lakota named David Sh accord taken these omens by critically examining each phase. For Shallow, the name of the min white buffalo is by no means a coincidence because it carries the m essage of a second chance for all people and since Miracles Second Chance was born during a thunderstorm, Shallow believes that the destruction of evil is near (Shallow, David cited in Schwartz, Stephanie 2006). For the Native Americans, the birth of a white buffalo is the starting point of the healing process, a symbol of hope for the poorest people of the American nation (Kagrie, Sarah).After Miracle and Miracles Second Chance, there were still born white buffalo calves named White Cloud (July 10, 1996, a two-year-old found in South Dakota), Medicine Wheel (May 09, 1996) and Rainbow (April 27, 1996). From here, let us further consider one great prophecy by the Lakota When four white buffalo have been born, then the old ways will run off and the earth will be saved. White Buffalo Woman herself, in the myth, promises to return at the end. From Miracle (1994) to White Cloud, Medicine Wheel and Rainbow (1996), there have been four white buffalos born. The prophecy, if we are to exam ine has already been fulfilled even before Miracles Second Chance was born in 2005. What changes, as salvation suggests, have happened since then are still unclear.Like the White Buffalo, the Red Heifer is also highly regarded by the Jewish culture as sacred and symbolic. Although both the animals came from one family, one can notice that the there are physical differences in these animals that also mark the differences in their symbols to the two cultures. First, their color as Lakota culture regarded white as sacred and holy magical spell the Jewish culture still consider the red heifer holy and sacred despite its being literally red. some other thing is that white buffalo in the culture of Lakota is not allowed to be hunted (their near extinction seem to be the contrary) while the Red Heifer is literally being killed as a holy sacrifice to God of the Jews. Genetically speaking, a White Buffalo is unhealthy, since its white color is due to its being albino while the Jews chose th e unblemished, healthy and young rd heifer in order to make the sacrifice pleasing unto the Lord.The ritual of the Red Heifer is Biblical, that is, it is contained or written in the Bible, in the Torah (in the portion called 1Chukat), especially in the book of Numbers, Chapter 19. The description of the ritual being conducted when the red heifer is being offered is clear and specific in the book of Numbers.It is the ritual slaughter of a red cow with no blemish, and the burning of the cow together with cedar wood, hyssop, and red thread. The ashes of this cow are mixed with water and used as part of a seven-day ritual to purify those members of the community who have come in contact with death.It was said that the water to which the ash of the cow have been mixed is the Water of slag or what the Jews called, mei nidah (Hammer, Jill). Those who are being sprinkled with such water will drive pure while those who have administered in the water will become impure, a process which sugg ests that the ash of the red heifer makes the impure pure and the pure impure (J. Hammer). In other accounts, the water mixed with ashes is being drunk by sinners for the purpose of redemption (Reb Yakov Leib HaKohain). Before we come to grasp the real meaning or symbol of the heifer, it is first important that we will be able to have a background on how does the offering of the red heifer originated.As quick answer, the ritual of the red heifer came from the Jewish tradition of offering in the Temple of Solomon In the days of the Temple, all who entered it had to be made spiritually clean by being sprinkled with a substance whose main ingredient came from the ashes of a red heifer burnt-out in its third year (Bronner, Etan 1997). The Temple of Solomon is considered to be the center of the Jewish life despite its destruction by the Romans according to Bronner. For the Jews, the Temple serves as the direct link between the chosen people and God (E. Bronner 1997). This might have been the reason why the significance of the red heifer, as a sacrificial animal in the temple days, still holds relevance in the life of the Jewish people.Going back to the red heifer itself, the red cow represents a change doer (J. Hammer). Consider the calendar method of birth control of making the impure pure and the pure as impure through the sprinkling of the water with the ashes of the red heifer. If we are to closely look into the process, we can say that the red heifer, though it has been reduced to ashes, served as an agent that allows somebody to change.In the words of Hammer, the red heifer brings life into death and allows death to return to life. Who else can make something change as bringing life to death and the other way around? God alone and God is Divine. If the red heifer symbolizes this cycle of change, then the Red Heifer is the symbol of the Divine and therefore, God. It is also important to note that in the Jewish tradition, all the sacraments and religious ritu als are done exclusively by the Levites, the family of priests. Having such, the Levites are the ones who act as humans who are part of the cycle of mortality and fertility, but who also touch the eternal (J. Hammer).For the Jewish people, even the destruction of the temple, its rebuilding and its final destruction also have something to do with the Red Heifer. The destruction of the temple is regarded by the Chosen People as a symbol of the recreation of their religious life (E. Bronner). Let us remember that the history of the people of Israel have come a long way from being berried descendants of Abraham and Jacob, to being slaves in Egypt, liberated by Moses and were promised to have the Land of Canaan.These people have come through their ups and downs all because of their stubbornness. They always go back to their usual sin of polytheism and of worshipping other gods other than Yahweh. Based on these facts, it is not surprising that these people held religious or spiritual reb irth truly important. They know their need to cleanse their spiritual lives and their need for a Savior. For the Jews, the Red Heifer and its ashes are the prefiguration of the coming Redeemer, the Messiah they have been waiting for (Reb Yakov Leib HaKohain).There few keen reasons why the Red Heifer is a sacred symbolic not only for the Jews but also for those who are into the religion of Christianity. Although the Red Heifer only serve as symbol, as opposed to the White Buffalo which birth is believed to be an omen, it embraces realities of humans spiritual life. First, the realities of life and death teach the Jews to exert much hunting expedition in making and haping themselves clean and pure before the eyes of the Lord. This is the only way they believe they can get into the House of God. This belief is transparent in the modern Jewish custom of washing their hands in a bowl of water at their doorsteps after they came from the graveyard (J.Hammer).After having the origin an d symbols of the White Buffalo and the Red Heifer, it is also important that we have them compared in order to examine which one is symbolically significant unto this day. In his commentary, David Yarrow sees limpid and significant similarities in the two animals. First, the White Buffalo and the Red Heifer are both females and both represents fertility, health, hope and abundance. Second, both symbolize the need to live a sacred, holy life in order for human beings to be pleasing or worthy in the eyes of God.Third, both represent changes in the cycle of life and recognize the reality of death, that is, spiritual death in order to be spiritually born again. Fourth, they both recognizes the presence of the Supreme Power and allow that Sacred Entity to rule over the lives of the people. This reality establishes the presence of the link between God as the Creator and humans as creatures. Lastly, both had kept the believers of the culture and the legend waiting-for the redeemer who wil l bring good tidings to those who are physically and spiritually afflicted.There is however realities in the White Buffalo that in some way made me prefer to believe in the symbolic significance of the Red Heifer. Consider that the biological existence of the White Buffalo is inherently rare. This is because a white buffalo is born albino which gives it its white color. This means that white buffalo is actually an expression of unhealthy birth because albinos do have genetic disorder which make them different from the rest of the specie. Consider also that being unhealthy, white buffaloes do not usually live long as in the case of White Cloud and Rainbow although Miracle lived ten years.With these realities therefore, I can say that the birth of a white buffalo should not be seen as an omen. In fact, the Lakota prophesy of having four born white buffalo after which will mark the near coming of the near end cannot be held solidly true. There have been more than four white calves bor n around the world and yet the prophecy seemed unfilled so far. Another thing is that the first well-known white buffalo, Miracle, have turned blonde as she grew old.In the case of the Red Heifer I can see that the Jewish culture regard the animal as stringently symbolic. Compare to the white buffalo, the red heifer is a common animal in the Jewish culture, although the poor people during the Biblical times cannot afford to sacrifice one. Anther thing is that not all red heifers can be sacrificed because only the female and unblemished and is under 18 months old can be worthy to be sacrificed.There is nothing held miraculous in the birth of the red heifer and thus it poses no significant marker of a time. Unlike the white buffalo, the red heifer does not say something about the near future. This is especially important in the spiritual lives of the people. Without the red heifer saying something about the future, the Jewish people are encouraged to keep their lives sacred at any po int of their lives because of the uncertainty of the time when the Redeemer will come. I believe that the Red Heifer is more significant today than the white buffalo. Because it recognizes the realities of life and death and the need to consecrate mans life to God, the Red Heifer embraces all cultures, even those who do not literally believe in God. This is because the red heifer reminds us that human beings are mortals and that as spiritual beings, we are in need of also dying from our sinful lives to give way to our spiritual rebirth. Let me borrow the words of David Yarrow, in his analysis of the symbols and implications of the white buffalo and the red heifer in our lives While white buffalo and red heifer portend time to build a Temple, the only way to build a true new Temple on the Mount is to follow the Peacemakers instructions bury the hatchet, constitute a tree and unite.A shrine in Jerusalem must not be just for Jews and Israel, but of, by and for all the peoples of the M iddle eastboundand the Westall the Earth (Yarrow, David). Yarrow stressed that both animals pose a great challenge for all human beings to share our earthly gifts as custodians of Gods blessings unto the earth. There should only be just one thing for us to do. Whether we believe in the White Buffalo or the Red Heifer, the existence of our one Creator should be enough to unite all the cultures of the world. Yarrow concluded, Harmony needs all things in natural balanceincluding the index number of masculine and feminine in church, culture and government (Yarrow, David).WORKS CITEDBronner, Etan. Portent in a Pasture? The Boston Globe. April 16, 1997. Retrieved on October 26, 2007 from http//www.championtrees.org/yarrow/holycows.htmHammer, Jill. The Red Heifer and the musical rhythm of Life and Death. Retrieved on October 26, 2007 from http//telshemesh.org/earth/the_red_heifer_and_the_cycle_of_life_and_death.htmlJohn Fire Lame Deer (1967). White Buffalo Calf Woman Brings the First Pi pe. Retrieved on October 26, 2007 from http//www.kstrom.net/isk/arvol/lamedeer.htmlKagrise, Sarah (2005). Native American history the legend and importance of the white buffalo. November 28, 2005. Retrieved on October 26, 2007 from http//media.www.rwcactivist.com/media/storage/paper248/news/2005/11/28/Features/Native.American.History.The.Legend.And.Importance.Of.The.White.Buffalo-1048409.shtmlMenagerie, Steves. This is a White Bison. Retrieved on October 26, 2007 from http//users.aristotle.net/swarmack/bison.html2Native American Myths. The White Buffalo Woman. Retrieved on October 26, 2007 from http//www.livingmyths.com/Native.htmReb Yakov Leib HaKohain. Zabbatai Zevi and the Mystery of the Red Heifer. Retrieved on October 26, 2007 from http//www.donmeh-west.com/redheifer.shtmlSchwartz, Stephanie (2006). Lakota Spiritual LeaderOn Wisconsin White Buffalo Calf. Retrieved on October 26, 2007 from http//www.rense.com/general73/whitebuf.htm1White Buffalo. Retrieved on October 26, 2007 fr om http//www.native-languages.org/composition/white-buffalo.htmlYarrow, David. Holy awe The Unity of Biology and Ecology with Spirit. A Commentary. Retrieved on October 26, 2007 from http//www.championtrees.org/yarrow/holycows.htm

Learning English as a Second Language Essay Example for Free

Learning English as a Second Language EssayFrom the content in the introductory part of the WebQuest, It is true that English is common language for the native people but for the non native people it is challenging and requires one to go done a series of classes compounded by determination and willingness to learn in order to understand it well. The thesis statement of the web quest gives an over muckle of what the rest of the content is all about. It gives the fundamental steps of learning English which involves understanding the meaning of different vocabularies provided and using them in a well incorporate and grammatically correct sentence. As a teaching material, this WebQuest highlights the main objectives, which will serve as the yard stick of determining whether the intended purpose of the WebQuest is achieved. In addition to this, I give a positive feed back to the way the learning process is arranged. Understanding a word and pronouncing it correctly is thusly the f undamental step in solving the complexity in English as a language. This is because it creates a dovetail for the construction of grammatically and structurally double-dyed(a) sentences to fit. Team work is undoubtedly important in building confidence among the students.It also enables them to share their difficulties and hence understand the challenges a head of them. Provision of resources is of sizeableness because it gives the whole learning process the originality and reliability it deserves. The evolution process cannot go unaccredited because it will enable the lecturers to know if the objectives were met. However, the WebQuest fails to show what the students should do if they fail the entropy step of understanding the meaning of the words in the sentences. This in my opinion is crucial for the process of learning English as a second language.

A Problem Statement Of Quality Services Information Technology Essay

A Problem Statement Of Quality Services info Technology EssayCHAPTER 11.1 INTRODUCTIONLibrary is the fundamental place for the people especially the bookmans since it helps the students in their accomplishment process. As it seems important for the students, subroutine program depository library should be able to proffer a conducive environment in format to help the students to do their revision for example. In other words, student satisfaction is an important measure of quality while providing the straightforwards in libraries. However, students comprehensions about libraries seem to take been largely ignored by library management in underdeveloped countries. So, the assessment of quality while giving the dish out provides an important feed bum for libraries to assess and improve its serve wells to its users (Yrd.Doc.Dr. Zeynep Filiz -2007).Good profit delivery to students is ace of the primary goals of service presidential terms like libraries and is the ability of any service provider to provide promised products or go. Libraries are essentially learning organizations stimulating academician and inquiry activities by providing approaching to world-class information resources. Traditionally, the success of any library is measured in terms of the size of its sight, staff, and budget. But in the present day competitive world, the libraries contain to go beyond the traditional modes of assessments and apply marketing techniques for understanding customer requirements. Students focus in serve delivery is essential for satisfying the students. The success depends on students perceptions or judgment on the quality of products/ go provided by the service personnel in libraries and quality is the measure of how well the products/ function delivered meet students expectations (Manjunatha K and Shivalingaiah D-2004).1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENTQuality services in library are very important aspect in differentiate to satisfy the students through ha ving unvarying improvement and the students perception is an important aspect to reveal how satisfied the students towards the library region in helping them in learning process. Library must provide a good quality of services, sufficient of collection/information, good activities and staff attitude at the same cadence solving the challenging faced by them. This can ensure that library can play their role as an academic centre that contributes to a conducive learning environment. If the challenges faced not universe solved, it forget make students satisfaction become lower and it is hard for the students to find what they want in the library. Therefore, library must find out what kind of closure that affects to be done in order to face the challenges since every form new students come with different needs and expectations. Then, library should do the persisting improvement every time so that they could give focus on quality services which makes the service runs smoothly. F or that reason, this research is made to know the quality of services provided by UMS library and any continuous improvement can be done if needed. The issues that arise is in terms of the ability of UMS as a learning places to contribute a conducive learning environment in helping the students to access information sources and University to produce a knowledgeable and successful graduate This is agreement with the mission of UMS library Providing comprehensive resources and services to support the university requirements in teaching, learning, research, innovation and publication. So that, this research can measure whether student satisfaction on UMS library services provided fulfill the students need through examine the ability of UMS library in terms of quality services, collection/information, library activities and staffs attitude.1.3 RESEARCH OBJECTIVEThe objectives of this say areTo investigate the students satisfaction on the office of UMS library in supporting learning environment process.To determine services at UMS library that need for improvement.1.4 SCOPE OF STUDYThe scope of the see covers the public as the user at UMS library. Public in this scope will involve the final year students that consists of part 6 (semester 2 year 3) students in economy. The employment by choosing part 6 students is because they are more experience in using the library services. They will now either the UMS library has help them in supporting their learning process over the three years understand at UMS.1.5 world-shaking OF STUDY1.5.1 This study as a basis to determine students dissatisfaction towards services given by UMS library.1.5.2 This study as a platform for the students to express their perception on services given by UMS library.1.5.3 This study as a basis to identify the area of concern at UMS library.1.5.4 This study as a platform to aim possible solution to the problem and for improvement.1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS/CONCEPTS1.6.1 Learning environmentT he place and setting where learning occurs it is not limited to a physical classroom an embroils the characteristics of the setting (www.teach-nology.com/glossary/terms/l/).1.6.2 QualityNunan and Calvert (1992) point out thatThe term quality defies any definition which will be universally accepted. When it is linked to performance, quality implies evaluation for comparative purposes measures of quality involve norms and standards and judgments of quality are assisted through use of norm or banner referenced indicators. Where measurement focuses on the student as a product of education, quality is seen as value-based by the process of education. When the emphasis is management of quality, attention focuses on strategies for achieving or improving quality.1.6.3 PerceptionPerception is the process of attaining awareness or understanding of sensory information.1.6.4 blissThe good feeling that you have when you have achieved something or when you wanted to happen does happen (Oxford A dvanced Learners Dictionary)1.6.5 LibraryA considerable collection of books kept for use, and not as merchandise, as a private library a publicCHAPTER 2LITERITURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK2.1 LITERITURE REVIEWThe concepts of satisfaction and quality are often used together, and sometimes interchangeably. Few researchers have identified the picky relationship between the two concepts, however a number of general statements have been made. According to Oliver (198142) satisfaction is the emotional reaction pursuance a disconfirmation experience which acts on the base attitude level and is consumption-specific. Perceived quality, on the other hand, is defined and contrasted to satisfaction by (Parasuraman, Zeithaml and Berry, 198816) as a world(a) judgment, or attitude, relating to the superiority of the service, whereas satisfaction is related to a specific transaction. Thus, these two concepts are related in that incidents of satisfaction, over time, go forth in perception s of quality (Hebert, 199321).However, academic libraries are facing two major threats a global digital environment and increasing competition. They must improve the quality of their services in order to survive (Rowena Cullen, 2001).Each year new students enter the learning environment with varying library usage and information gathering skills. Millson-Martula and Menon (1995) state that one share of high quality service is the incorporation of users personal needs and expectations into the development of programs and service. The concept of user satisfaction in the library literature likewise has evolved to include a broader focus on the users perspective of the library. Applegate (1997) defines user satisfaction as a personal, emotional reaction to a library service or product. Bitner and Hubbert (1994) suggest that it consists of service encounter satisfaction, the consumers dis/satisfaction with a discrete service encounter, and overall service satisfaction, the consumers ove rall dis/satisfaction with the organization based on all encounters and experiences with that particular organization. In addition, a characteristic of service delivery is the simultaneous nature of production and consumption (Zeithaml Bitner, 1996). Customers are usually involved in some (if not all) of the production processes and therefore have an repair on the outcomes of the service delivery and their satisfaction with it.Bowen (1986), Mills and Morris (1986), and Kelley, Donnelly and Skinner (1990), have shown that participation, or the use of customers as partial employees, can improve productivity for providers as well as improving service quality and customer satisfaction. Bateson (1985) note that problems in the service encounter are often due to conflicts over who is in control of the service interaction, and hence, a way of increasing control for the customer is to offer alternatives or choices within the service setting, such as providing on-site or remote access to electronic resources, loan or photocopying of printed materials, self-service or staff service facilities, silent study or discussion areas, on-site or telephone or email or postal reference consultation. Service providers must develop mechanisms in order to ensure that customers provide the required information and effort to facilitate the service encounter and outcome (Kelley, Donnelly Skinner, 1990).However, though quality is a much studied event in manufacturing as well as service sectors, there is no universally accepted definition to define quality. The definition of quality is subjective, personal and changes from person-to-person, place-to-place, organization-to-organization, situation-to-situation and time-to-time. However, accord to Standards and Fitness for Use is the classic definitions of quality. The quality as a subject of academic interest took momentum in 1950s as a result of the studies on the subject of quality by management gurus like Deming, Juran, Crosby, Ta ylor, Feigenbaum, and Peters. However, the concepts of quality were mainly applied to products in the manufacturing sector. Due awakening of consumerism in 1980s, the quality of service as a subject of academic interest caught the attention of marketing professionals and they attempted to define service quality from customers perspective. Experts like Kotler, Levitt, Gronroos, Garvin, Cronin, Taylor, Teas, Rust, Parasuraman, Zeithaml, and Berry have contributed to the evolution of the subject and many models were developed on its measurement. The team of Parasuraman, Zeithaml and Berry (hereafter PZB) had conducted several research studies to define service quality and identify the criteria that customers use while evaluating the service quality in service organizations. They define service quality as the extent of discrepancy between customers expectations or desires and their perception of what is delivered. In other words, it is the parity of what customers expect before the us e of product or service with their experience of what is delivered.According to Professor Gaynor Taylor, Deputy Vice-Chancellor of Leeds Metropolitan University in her talk on seminar of the impact of Libraries on Learning, Teaching and query (LIRG) (2001), she spoke of the impact of libraries on cultural and educational life across the country and their key role in change and expanding participation in education and lifelong learning. She then went on to praise the role of libraries, arguing that they were central to academic comm social unities. She emphasized the benefits of integrating libraries fully into the student learning experience. Libraries need to be involved from the very beginning of course development and need to make relevant information available in slipway that suits users access needs.According to Stamatoplos (1998), consideration of satisfaction should be an important part of the evaluation of library services. Satisfaction depends, to some extent, on patron expectations of services. Satisfaction appeared to be related to student perceptions of information accessibility, staff competence and accommodativeness, computer usefulness and ease of use, and skill level for using libraries. He questioned why should library administrators sustenance about patron satisfaction? Some think patron satisfaction is of secondary importance that the purpose of a library is to provide information services and that evaluation of the library performance ought to be judged from that perspective alone. However, others recognize that failing to satisfy the patron is failing to serve the patron. This is not about just devising patrons feel good. There is a basic reason for focusing on patron satisfaction Who is the best judge of whether a patron has been served well or poorly? Professional librarians may know whether they have provided accurate, timely information in response to a request. Is that enough? Clearly, accurate and timely information is a minimu m requirement, but unless the patron is satisfied, in general, the service could have been better. Based on his research on the Effects of Library Instruction on University Students Satisfaction with the Library, he found that the patrons experienced less difficulty in finding material than expected, the patrons also received materials faster than expected average and maximum watch times were shorter than expected for both books and articles. In terms of the perception of staff helpfulness, patrons perceived the library staff to be significantly less helpful than expected. In addition, in his findings on the perceptions of information accessibility he found that the proportion of needed materials available at the library, the difficulty of finding the materials, and the maximum wait time for articles are all significantly related to overall satisfaction with the library. Besides that, in terms of the perceptions of staff competence and helpfulness, it shows that the perceptions tha t library staffs are competent and helpful are highly correlated with overall satisfaction.Based on the research done by Steve Hiller (2001) on the Assessing User Needs, Satisfaction, and Library Performance at the University of cap Libraries, the 1998 survey asked whether libraries were open when needed on evenings, weekends, summer, and interim periods. Graduate students, as the case with the previous two surveys, had the lowest satisfaction with hours while faculty had the highest, undergraduate student satisfaction had slipped from 1995 when it was similar to faculty satisfaction. When asked to choose from a list of priorities, more than 37 percent of graduate students and 42 percent of undergraduates chose increased library hours as a priority compared to 17 percent of faculty. Graduate students also wrote more comments about hours than any other group. So, responses to overall library satisfaction questions on the 1998 survey showed faculty had the highest satisfaction while undergraduate students the lowest.According to research done by Noriah Mohamed Ali on the Staff Professionalism in University (Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam), she said that in organization fulfilling customer satisfaction is very important. It is a part of staff jobs. Customers do not ask for too much, it is enough if staff can provide them with lapse information, courtesy, the ability to rejoinder them politely and the service can easily be accessible. In service oriented organizations, staff has a big responsibility to do customers well. This is because service is their core business like in library. As an important person in library, there is no emotional influence in delivering services to the students. Staff must be professional in dealing with students. They should be helpful, polite, friendly, respectful, well trained and knowledgeable. All these will lead to the students satisfaction. Based on this research also, it shows that there is linear relationship between k nowledge level of staff and customers satisfaction. Customers need to get information and staff needs to be able to suffice to customers questions. It may be that, staff needs to have some alternative methods in answering customers questions. Staff should not cause customers to doubt and be befogged about the solution offered by them. Staff needs to have better knowledge in academic affairs and other matters that related to the university.On the other hand, based on the research done by Norliya Ahmad Kassim (Faculty of Information Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, MALAYSIA) and Khasiah Zakaria (Perpustakaan Tun Abdul Razak , Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam), they were investigate users perceptions on the personas of Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Libraries in creating a learning environment. It shows that the library users were only sort of satisfied in terms of the services, collection/information, and activities of the library as a whole. The findings re vealed that users were least satisfied with the attitude of the library staff compared with other aspects of the library evaluated. Among the quadruplet aspects of the library, respondents were relatively most satisfied with collection/ information (mean score = 3.27), followed by services to users (mean score = 3.18), library activities (mean score = 3.16) and staff attitude (mean score = 3.06) in that order. The information produced through this study will be of use to the improvement of library services and betterment of the library profession, and serve as a contribution to the body of knowledge in the area of user satisfaction on libraries contribution and their services to users. There is an urgent need to examine the perceptions of the students on the contribution of UMS library in creating learning environment process.2.2 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKIndependent variables Dependent variablePerception of the studentsCollection / information providedLibrary activitiesStaffs atitudeQua lity servicesFigure 12.2.1 INDEPENDENT VARIABLES SERVICES2.2.1.1 Quality servicesQuality services is refer to opening hour, signage, reference service, willingness to help, performing services right, photocopy services and etc.2.2.1.2 Collection/InformationCollection/Information is refer to past exam papers, OPAC stations, comprehensive online selective informationbase, accessible on digital collection, up-to-date information, comprehensive books collection and complete relevant journal.2.2.1.3 Academic activitiesTeaching, learning and training that library provide to the students.2.2.1.4 Staffs attitudeAppearance, knowledgeable, confidence, availability and motivate learning are refer to the attitude that shows by the librarys staff.2.2.2 DEPENDENT VARIABLE PERCEPTIONPerception is the process of attaining awareness or understanding of sensory information.CHAPTER 3RESEARCH METHOD3.1 Research DesignFor the purpose of this study, the research design will be sample survey. It means the administration of questionnaires to a sample of respondents selected from some population. Types of approaches being used is by a questionnaire survey.3.2 unit of measurement of AnalysisAs the study will identify public perception towards the contribution of UMS library in supporting learning environment process, therefore the unit of analysis will be the final year students in school of Economy and Business study.3.3 Sample sizeThe sample size for the purpose of this study is 100 respondents.3.4 Sampling TechniqueIn this study, the stratified random sampling will be used. This sampling design which is the most efficient is a good choice when differentiated information is needed regarding various strata within the population which are known to differ in their parameters (Sekaran 2003). The population from this study consists of the user of UMS libraries.3.5 Research Measurement/instrumentThe questionnaire used was structured into 3 sections. Section A focused on the personal selec tive information of the respondents such as age, gender, education level and the frequency using the UMS library services. The respondent only need to label the data related to them.Section B focuses on the perception of the students on contribution of UMS library in supporting learning environment process. The question is regarding on four elements that consists the quality of services, collection/information, library activities and staffs personality. The respondents were answer according to five-point of likert scale that allude 1 is strongly disagree, 2 is disagree, 3 is neither agree or disagree, 4 is agree and 5 is strongly agree. The respondent required to circle one of it. Respondent perception is measure according to five-point of likert scale. Respondents were ask with certain statement to look their respond on that statement either they agree or disagree. acquiesce or disagree on that statement will reflect their perception.Finally, Section C consist only one question w hich is regarding the satisfaction on the contribution of UMS library in supporting learning environment process. This is the overall satisfaction of the students based on the question ask in section B. In this section, the respondents answer were also based on the likert scale (5 points) .The respondent were required to express their satisfaction towards the UMS library contribution from 1 is refer to worst perception to 5 refer to better perception.3.6 Data collectionBasically, there are two method used for the collection. Those are primary data collection and secondary data collection. Primary data is a data which collect originally by the researcher based on his effort. Example, the data for this study will be collected through questionnaire to the focus group. This method was chosen because the designed questionnaire could be sent personally to them in a limited time and they have to return it back on that time. While, secondary data is the information which is already in exis tence that related to the study. It includes the data from the journal, book, and internet search. For this study, both of the data collection method is being used so that it will be help in term of an understanding and the accuracy of information that will be received.3.7 Data AnalysisThe data analysis for this study conducted through Statistical Package for Social Science software or SPSS version 17.0 which use the descriptive analysis and also crosstab. SPSS will be used as medium to analyze the data where the raw will be entered in the computer as a data file. By using the tools, any missing value can easily be identified. The tool will help in analyzing data such as table, go for also percentage.

Tariffs Used At Chittagong Port Economics Essay

Tariffs Used At Chittagong Port Economics EssayChittagong Port is a principal look of Bangladesh and one of the emerging container looks of South Asian regions. At present, about 92% of im porthole and export in volume be handled through this port and the growth of treatment is ranging from 12% to 14% (certified public accountant Year Book, 2008). This port is selected to present the current pricing ashes and to assess the demand and ambition level and exist coordinate of this port. Further, this paper will try to provide recommendations to ontogenesis the attractiveness and the profit of the port by changing the current pricing system.Current pricing systemThe present pricing system of this port is represent ground. The Chittagong Port liberty (certified public accountant) is a basic service provider and its objective focuses mainly on providing necessary services and facilities to the port users efficiently and effectively at competitive prices. The certified public acc ountant has been following the toll based duty system since 1987. To harmonize the objectives of certified public accountant and port users the port introduced cost based duty system in 1987 and had started collection of revenues on the basis of cost based responsibility system since that family.Under cost based tariff, all variable, fixed, mixed, and step be on a contingent date were considered. There were in like manner consideration of the growth rate of the cargo, container, and other activities for certain period. Total activities of CPA, to determine the tariff for a particular cargo or container or on any activity or movement, were carve up into operational and non-operational (other service departments) departments. All variable and traceable costs relating to a particular department were directly assigned. Then all non-traceable cost and indirect costs were apportioned to all departments on some basis. After having a sum of money costs for each department, all cost of non-operational departments re-apportioned to the operational departments on the basis of weights. Then original cost of a particular operational department was divided by certain number of activity or cargo or container to have a unit cost or tariff.Since the tariff is cost based and there is no provision for profit in the tariff, it was essential for the CPA to increase its efficacy in operation and effectiveness in use of assets so as to get wind early rec overy of the fixed cost and reach the break-even- point. After break even point every amount of contribution bound has been considered as profit and considering that CPA redesigned its operational activity and flow of operation. CPA too made profit by use more cargo, containers, and ships than the expected handling which meant CPAs operational growth rate was more than the required growth. As CPAs per unit operational cost was increased as per expectation, its contribution margin per unit was also remained in same leve l. Moreover, CPAs tariff is on foreign currency (US Dollar) basis which ha further increased CPAs income by devaluating of Bangladesh Taka.Cost StructureThe cost structure of the actual revenue and capital expenditure of CPA for the year 2007-2008 is presented in Table 1 and is shown in Annex-1.The Table 1 shows that actual operating and nutriment expense for the year 2007-08 was Taka 35,137.31 lac which includes a depreciation of Taka 8848.54 lac. Consequently, variable operating and maintenance cost was Taka 26,288.77 lac which is 29.53% of total cost. However, total fixed cost like depreciation and administrative staff salaries were Taka 10,773.64 lac which is 12.10% of the total cost. It is very alarming that financing cost and taxes were Taka 27,568.66 lac which was 30.97% of the total cost. CPA has to accept the proposal of the World Bank and ADB which have been offered through Bangladesh brass for various projects as CPA was not in a position to implement all of its develop ment projects by using only its own fund. Therefore, CPA has to pay a huge amount of interest for those loans.Port competition levelThe Chittagong Port is selected in this paper for assessing the intra port competition level and competition level within the region (inter port competition).Intra Port Competition level of Chittagong Port Authority (CPA)The Chittagong Port Authority is an autonomous and a service administration under the administrative control of the Ministry of Shipping of Bangladesh Government. According to the World Bank (2007), the port of Chittagong is a tool port where port authority owns, develops, and maintains the port infrastructure as well as the superstructure, including cargo handling equipment. CPA still has some entry barriers such as not to allow the foreign endpoint operators in a tender process for operating a terminal or any investment in developing and operating a terminal of CPA due to labour unions objection and in monopolistic situation witho ut any competition.Assessment of Inter-port competition level of CPA in BangladeshChittagong Port Authority (CPA) and Mongla Port Authority (MPA) are two seaports of Bangladesh, which handled 32.72 mil king of beasts metric tons cargo (CPA Year Book, 2008 MPA website) during the fiscal year 2007-2008. Out of 32.72 million tons of total seaborne trade CPA handled 32.02 million tons and the rest is handled by MPA. The competition level of CPA with MPA can be assessed by analyzing location, yearly throughput and merchandiseplace share, grocery store assimilation, comparison of tariff including its hinterland facilities. To assess the foodstuff share only container traffic will be considered.LocationChittagong Port is situated on the south eastern part of Bangladesh at a blank of about 9 nautical miles from the shore line of the Bay of Bengal. The maximum permissible LOA of watercraft is 186 meters with the maximum permissible draught ranges from 8.50m to 9.20m (CPA Year Book, 20 08). On the other hand, MPA is situated on the south western part of Bangladesh at a distance 71 nautical miles upstream from the Bay of Bengal and the permissiblemaximum length of vessel is 225 m with the maximum 7m draught (MPA website).Throughput and Market shareThe throughput, of the years 2004 to 2008, in TEUs and market share are presented in the Table 2 and is shown in Annex-2. From the Table 2, it is clear that the CPA is controlling the container market in Bangladesh without any competition.Market densityThe Herfindhal indicant (H) is calculated to assess the container market concentration of two ports based on the years 2004 and 2008 in Table 3 and is shown in Annex-3.According to the Herfindhal index (H), if H = 1 or H = 0.5 or H = 1/n (n = number of firms), the concentration of market is monopoly or duopoly or equal in market shares respectively (Cariou, 2010). In the Table 3 the Herfindhal index (H), in both(prenominal) years, are almost exclude to 1 (one) which in dicates that the container market is monopolistic.Comparison of tariff of both portsThe both ports, Chittagong and Mongla are autonomous and service organizations under the administrative control of the Ministry of Shipping. Both ports pricing system is cost based. The comparison of some costs link to container handling of both ports is presented in the Table 4 and is shown in annex-4.The Table 4 indicates that both the ports have same pricing structure for container handling and container vessels except the Lift on / Lift off charge on account of empty containers which is about 33.33% less in CPA compared to MPA.Hinterland market accessThe Chittagong Port is connected with the hinterland by road, rail, air and river. The major containerized import and export commodity of Bangladesh is garments accessories and readymade garments respectively. The major factories of garments are located in Chittagong and Dhaka. The export Processing Zones are located 3-4 kilometers away from Chitta gong port. The most of the business activities including industrialization and foreign investment are oriented with the region of Dhaka and Chittagong of Bangladesh. The road distance from Chittagong port to Dhaka is around 245km.Mongla Port Authority (MPA) is situated on the south western part and serves the entire western part of Bangladesh. The road distance between MPA and Dhaka is can be around 185km, nearer to Dhaka compared to Chittagong Port. For many years, majority of all import and export cargo of MPA is moved by inland water way. Unavailability of railway connection and the road connection under present lay out remains unattractive for cargo enthrall from the port to Dhaka due to cost and time increases than going by road to Chittagong. The communication system of Chittagong Port through road, rail, and air is stronger than the Mongla port which indicates that Chittagong port is comparatively in competitive position than Mongla port in terms of hinterland access.Assessm ent of Inter-port competition level of CPA with Kolkata Port Trust (KOPT), India new decision of the government of the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh to allow the transit of the cargo of northeastern states of India has increased the competition level of CPA with the KOPT. The competition level of CPA with KOPT is assessed by considering the geographical location, throughput, market share, market concentration, pricing structure, and hinterland market access.Geographical locationChittagong port is strategi strainy located in competitive location (Annex-5) for the seven-spot northeastern states of India and these states currently depend on KOPT for export and import trade by passing comparatively long distance and incurring more cost. KOPT and CPA, both are regional sea ports of India and Bangladesh respectively. Due to geographical location and present decision of both countries for transit facilities CPA as regional hub will deal with KOPT.Throughput of CPA and KOPTAverage yearly growth and total throughput of the years 2004 to 2008 is presented in Table 5 for assessing the competition level of two ports and is shown in Annex-6. The Table 5 indicates that both ports between the years 2004 and 2008 had positive growth rate in container trade and the total average yearly growth is 22.27%.Market share of Chittagong port and Kolkata portThe market share of both ports are calculated and presented in the Table 6 and is shown in Annex-7. From the Table 6, it is clear that CPA has a lion share of container market. On the other hand, both ports have almost steady market share over the mentioned years.Market concentrationThe level of container market concentration of both ports is calculated for the years 2004 and 2008 by using Herfindhal Index (H) and presented in Table 7 and is shown in Annex-8. The Table 7 shows that the Herfindhal Indices (H) is 0.58 and 0.59 for the years 2004 and 2008 respectively and close to 0.5. From this value it indicates that both the yea rs the market was duopoly because of the different natural and political hinterland.Comparison of TariffThe tariffs in some important particular palm related to container trade of both ports are presented in Table 8 and is shown in Annex-9. By comparing the tariff in some important particular fields of both Table 8 shows that except port dues and Lift on/Lift off charges for empty containers (20 and 40) other port charges are higher of CPA than KOPT.Hinterland connectionAt present, the container trades of northeastern states of India depends on KOPT which is costly and time consuming as the port is situated far away from these states. Distance by road of northeastern states from Kolkata and Chittagong is presented in Table 9 and is shown in Annex-10.From the Table 9, it is evident that Chittagong port has competitive vantage in hinterland access over Kolkata port.Conclusion and recommendationsThis paper aimed to present the current pricing system for Chittagong port and assesses th e demand, competition level, and cost structure of the port. Firstly, it is observed that the pricing system of CPA is cost based and the port is mainly service oriented organization acting as a tool port. Secondly, it is observed that the container market is monopolistic in CPA due to absence of private operator. The inter port competition level of CPA with MPA also monopolistic and concentration of container market is in favour of CPA due to some bottlenecks of MPA. In addition, the competition level of CPA is assessed with nearby Indian port, KOPT. Here, duopolistic market concentration is observed as both ports, at present, are using different hinterland without international competition. However, the competition level of both ports will be increased in near future as Bangladesh and Indian governments have agreed for transit facilities for northeastern Indian states. In this case, it is further observed that due to strategic location of CPA the port has competitive advantage ove r KOPT. Furthermore, the comparison of tariff of both ports shows that in some particular important fields for container trade, the tariff of CPA is higher.From the above scenarios, it is evident that the degree of market concentration of CPA is monopolistic and current pricing system is controlled by regulations. However, according to UNCTAD (1995), in various parts of the world many ports are veneer increased competition because of technological change in shipping, ports and land transport which may require a relaxation of government control on port charges. This report further mentioned that, competition has forced tariff levels to become more flexible. On the other hand, the CPA will not be able to grasp its monopolistic situation as trade facilitation and competitive environment are increasing in the south-Asian region. Therefore, to increase the attractiveness and the profit of the port, it is recommended that the CPA has to revise its tariff by taking some infrastructural de velopment for its natural hinterland access, competitive hinterland access as well as by increasing the efficiency of operational activities. In summary, cost based tariff can contribute to develop its attractiveness and its profit by the following waysRearranging operational activities to ensure efficient operation and economic use of operational assets.2. Maintaining operational cost at a minimum level by reducing fixed cost and taking outsourcing benefit.3. Achieving more growth in operation than required level of growth. For example It was assumed that Total 3 million containers will be handled in 20 years with a growth rate 5% per year. On the other hand, CPA is now handling more than 1 million per year with 12% growth rate. So after 3 million, each amount of contribution margin (CM) is profit. Moreover, up to the recovery of 3 million, 7% of growth was also contribution margin, used to recover the fixed cost.4. Devaluation of Bangladeshi taka against dollar will also help to i ncrease profit in nominal term.Revising tariff time to time with present cost can be a more effective way to increase profit.Moreover, to increase the attractiveness and profit of the CPA, concession may be given on account of discharging or loading charges to importer/exporter who handles certain number of containers determined by port in single call of a vessel. Furthermore, it can provide rebates on vessels introducing green award discount like Port of Rotterdam Authority.

Income Distribution And Poverty In Malaysia Economics Essay

Income Distribution And Poverty In Malaysia Economics Essay1.0 CHAPTER 1Health and education is the dickens definitive components of piece capital. This becomes the most important require to Malaysian throng beca engagement wellness and education strike a strong relationship between the income distribution and the aim of poverty in Malaysia. Besides that, the health location and educational aim be intake in measured the take aim of income and the level of poverty in a country.Problem StatementThe specific difficulty statement of this study is shown belowThere is a strong relationship between health status and education level on the income distribution and poverty in Malaysia.There is a gap of the income distribution between the educated and healthy tidy sum with the low-income and mortified people in Malaysia.Income inequality and poverty is not satisfactory in Malaysia.Research ObjectiveTo identify the relationship of health and education on income level and poverty in Malaysia.To determine whether education level gives impact on income level and poverty in Malaysia.To identify the factors of poverty in Malaysia.Scope and bound of the studyThis study was focus on identifying and investigates whether health and education affect the income level and poverty in Malaysia. To examine and determine this relationship, it is important to measure the real of each of the variables related to this study. Other than that, this study forget cover and use the information from 2005 until 2009 in Malaysian country. The data areas are the real per capita gross home(prenominal) product (GDP), public spending on expenditure (percent of GDP), total enrolment in primary school and life expectancy of birth. The data are obtained from section of statistics Malaysia and World Development Indicators (World Bank).signifi later on partce of the difficultyThis paper is important to the economic development in Malaysia as this study leave help the government to i dentify and determine the important area that need to be amelio estimate in order to reduce income inequality and solve poverty. Other than that, this paper also derriere help the Malaysian communities to advance themselves by showing them the important of higher(prenominal) education level which is the important factors contribute to higher income level.Chapter outlineIn chapter 1, we get out discuss about the introduction of this study. We will know a little bit about the important of health and education. After conducting this study, we will determine the problem and after that we rat develop the objectives of this study. Lastly, we can determine the scope and limitation while conducting this study.Chapter 2 discuss about the relevant literature review. We explained the variable in this chapter which are the health, educational level, income inequalities and poverty. The conceptual framework also included to explain the relationship between the case-by-case variables and d ependent variables.Chapter 3 explain about the data and methodology. This refers to the data used, the population and sampling methods that was very important to this study. From the data that we find, we can analyze the data and make a hypothesis. After that we can test the data.2.0 CHAPTER 22.1 IntroductionAs we looking at the present condition in our country, we can see that there is a strong relationship between the health and education level with Malaysian communities income distribution and poverty. This can be simplified as, there is a gap between the income distribution of the educated and healthy people with the poor and unhealthy people in Malaysia. This problem caused by some factors or variables that contribute to the income inequalities and poverty. Because of that, the government and the communities itself should identify and determine any areas that should be amend and find some suggestion to solve or reduce this problem. So that, we clearly see that the best way to reduce and improve this situation is to improve the health and education status in Malaysia as this is the common factors in determining the income level and poverty level in one place. After do some reading and find some literature review related to this situation, this study presents the investigating of the effect of the two important components in human needs which are the health and education on the income distribution and poverty in Malaysia.2.0 Theoretical FrameworkHealth StatusEducation levelDEPENDENT multivariate-Income inequality-PovertyLevel of Savings2.3 Literature ReviewThere is an effect of health and education on income distributions and poverty in many areas in this world. This can be explained through some relevant literature review. Other than health and education level, the level of savings also categorized as the main factors touch on the income distribution and poverty.The problem of the income inequality and poverty is affected by health and education has in vestigated. According to Bakhtiari and Meisami (2009), the level of education, level of income, savings and health status can affect the income inequality and poverty. The higher educated people have more opportunities to earn more money or income. Other than that, the more literate people tend to have high awareness with their health and seeking medical when they ill. The finding of this paper is boosting the health and education status in Moslem countries will reduce the income inequality and poverty in Islamic countries. This paper also stated that Practical implications show that this empirical examination can help the Islamic countries government to identify any areas that should be improved in order to reduce the income inequality and alleviate poverty. Furthermore, this strategies help government to identify areas that should be improved upon in order to reduce income inequality and reduce poverty line.To explain the facts that there are some important determinants of povert y and income distribution in growth countries, Dao M.Q (2007), use a sample of 40 developing countries in the world, it was found that some of the population below the poverty line is linearly depends on the human capital such as health, nutrition, and formal education. All of this is the components of improvements in the development of one country. This means that this human capital reduce income inequalities and poverty. After that, they also use 35 developing countries to measure and it was found that income inequality linearly affected by the same explanatory variables but other than that, the infant mortality rate and the primary school completion rate also affect poverty and income level.Bastos et.al (2010), Research has been done to the children in Portugal to investigate the profile of income-poor children and the results obtained states that 25 percent of them are at risk of poverty. They are from the low income families and this will influence the culture on their eating habits. This contributes to the facts that the people from the lower socio-economic groups do not eat healthily. Mackereth C.J et.al also do some research on the culture of eating for the low income families and it also found the same results as Bastos et.al where they are not eat healthily and eating whatever available in front rather than cooking the healthy food. It is because they dont have adequate resources and lack of time.The relationship between socioeconomic red ink and health status also has been identified by Drakopoulos S.A et.al (2010). The result shows that the socioeconomic deprivation of child has negative effects on our health especially on our working stage. Our psychological health will decrease slowly because of this deprivation.Another results found from Habibov N.N (2010) regarding the low-income transitional countries and this also prove that health status and education level can influence the self-perceived social stratification in the multi-country like A rmenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia. It is stated that the most affordable variables in increasing the income level of the low-income transitional countries are health status and education because this is the factors of growing the effectiveness of one country and improve the level of low-income people.In his research, Adjaye, J.A (2004), examine whether the income inequality affect health. The relationship between these two variables has become the major problem in our daily life nowadays. The result shows that the people that have low-income profiles are more likely to fall sick because they dont have enough resources to pay for the treatment and medicine. Other than that, it also found that the people from rich family can live longer than the poor family people. This can be apparently stated that the higher income level we have the higher level of health we are.To prove that educational can improve the peoples income inequality, Ning, G (2010) do some investigation in China. It was found that, expand more in educational will help us to reduce the phenomena of income inequality. Other than that, one of the ways to solve the problem of poverty is to do more investment in education because this will gives high return in future.Lanaskoronskis, M. et.al (2009) found in their investigation that Reflection of higher education will contribute to the high competitiveness of a country. Competitiveness refers to the skill people, goods and services we have, or ideas can be accepted locally and international. On the other words, higher education becomes the most important areas that contribute to increase competitiveness.The common factors that contribute to the poverty can be explained through the paper of Wang, X. et al (2009) where they found that the poverty line in China are due to the lack of education that automatically causing the unemployment that will make them cannot gain enough resources to buy food. Thats why China government conduct some surveys to investiga te this problem and they also found that the profile of the low-income people is unhealthy because of the lack of outlay of nutritional food in their country.Education is the humans resource to apply job and opportunities in one country. This is because education is the main source of a company, coach and employers to measure their level of income. Education is a human capital investment that gives a long-term sustainable development for them. In Benjamin, S.J et.al (2011), it was found that household income is use to measure the Malaysian people ability to enter at any higher education institution. Lack of the resources will contribute to the lack of knowledgement. Besides that the parents will face the possibility to pay the high fees for their children. This is because before this they dont take more attention on their level of education. They cannot apply a good job and after that their income is not enough to support the needs of education for their children.3.0 CHAPTER 33.1 The data and methodology that we used in this study is unit root test and the mediocre least squares (OLS) to represent the effects of health and education on income distribution and poverty. Besides that this will shows whether there is a relationship between the dependent variables and independent variables.3.2 Data, population and sampling methods.In this paper, the data was covering the time series data from year 2005 to 2009 that is 5 years. For the population, this paper focuses on the people of 14 states in Malaysia.

Essay on Games in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight -- Sir Gawain Green

Games in Sir Gawain and the Green cavalry Many secret plans are involved in the plot of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. The Green Knight, Bercilak de Hautdesert, plays a Christmas game with Arthurs coquette at Camelot (line 283) Gawains hosts wife plays games with Gawain throughout the third section of the poem Gawains sees his arrangement of mutual trade with his host as a game (line 1380) and all of the events of the account statement are revealed as a game of Arthurs sister, Morgan Le Fay (lines 2456-2466). Throughout the telling of the story, the author plays a mental game with the reader or listener, as well. The Christmas game that the Green Knight bangs to play with Arthurs court at the instigation of Morgan Le Fay provides the structure with which the plot of the entire story is held together. At first, the court believes that the knight has come for contest bare (line 277) when he reveals his intent to exc lighte one blow for another, it seems that it would be an eas y contest for an opponent to win, since no one expects the knight to tolerate having his head removed with his own axe. However, the knight picks up his severed head and leaves, revealing the seriousness of Gawains promise to accept a return blow, Arthur downplays the importance of this promise, saying, Now, sir, hang up your axe, and returning to the feast. (line 477) Arthur also downplays the importance of the contest before Gawain deals his blow to the knight, prophesying Gawains eventual success Keep, cousin, said the king, what you cut with this day And if you rule it aright, then readily, I know, You shall stand the stroke it will strike after. (lines 371-374) Although neither the reader nor Gawain is aware o... ...h century or today, is human and subject to failings, as well. Gawain learned his lesson from the Green Knight and communicated it to Arthurs court. I believe that the author hopes that his audience will take the message to heart, as well. Works Cited Sir Gaw ain and the Green Knight in The Norton Anthology of English Literature, Sixth Edition, intensity level One. General Ed. M.H. Abrams. New York Norton, 1993. Works Consulted Bennett, Michael J. The Historical Background in A Companion to the Gawain-Poet, pp. 71-90. Derek Brewer and Jonathan Gibson, editors. Cambridge D.S. Brewer, 1997. Putter, Ad. An Introduction to the Gawain-poet. New York Addison Wesley Longman, 1996. Riddy, Felicity. Jewels in Pearl in A Companion to the Gawain-Poet, pp. 142-55. Derek Brewer and Jonathan Gibson, editors. Cambridge D.S. Brewer, 1997.

WAL-MART Essay -- essays research papers

Over the pull round few years the cost declines of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology, combined with improvements in sensitivity, range and durability, have enabled general RFID use in the logistical planning and operation segments of supply chain management processes. Specifically, areas such as security and access control, tracking, and monitoring/management bequeath strategically be enhanced from the use of this technology. An RFID tag consists of a chipping and an antenna, often in the form of a tiny ribbon that can in turn be packaged into many forms, such as a label, or imbedded in between the cardboard layers in a carton. On the microchip is stored information about the product that the tag is affixed to, which can then be read when the tag passes within proximity of an RFID reader. This information is close instantly relayed back to a computer system that updates the location status of the associated product. This procedure enables great efficiencies and c ost reductions with respect to inventory management and control in a physical product environment, and also enables innovative applications in locating and tracking people and assets in a services environment. (Hagans, Andy, RFID Magazine) This environment changed dramatically last June when Wal-Mart Stores announced that it would require its top 100 suppliers to put RFID tags on shipping crates and pallets by January 1st 2005. Earlier this month, Wal-Mart announced that i...